Computer system and management system

ABSTRACT

A storage system, which comprises multiple memory cells and a storage controller, wherein the storage controller manages cell mode information, which either directly or indirectly denotes the number of bits to be stored in multiple memory cells. The cell mode information can be changed in accordance with a request from a management system.

TECHNICAL FIELD

The present invention relates to a computer system which comprises astorage system comprising nonvolatile memory, and a management systemfor managing a storage system.

BACKGROUND ART

Flash memory is in the process of becoming a leading storage device dueto the declining bit-cost of flash memory in recent years. Thetechnology described in Patent Literature 1 discloses an alternative HDD(hard disk drive) device using flash memory, being one of a nonvolatilememory.

More specifically, the alternative device of Patent Literature 1comprises a two-value flash memory, which comprises a memory cellcapable of storing two bits in one memory cell, and a volatile memory.The volatile memory functions as a cache memory for the two-value flashmemory. At power shutdown, the alternative device saves the storagecontents of the volatile memory to the multilevel flash memory. Bywriting only one bit of data to one memory cell at this time, thealternative device reduces the amount of power consumed during thewrite.

CITATION LIST Patent Literature

-   [PTL 1]-   Japanese Patent Application Laid-open No. 2009-289014

SUMMARY OF INVENTION Technical Problem

Although the alternative device of Patent Literature 1 is coupled to astorage system as an alternative to HDD, this alternative device cannotprovide a flexible storage system, because there is no function toflexibly change the number of bits stored in a memory cell subsequent tostorage system installation. Or, this alternative device is also unableto manage such a flexible storage system.

Solution to Problem

A storage system comprises multiple memory cells and a storagecontroller, and the storage controller manages cell mode information,which either directly or indirectly denotes the number of bits to bestored in multiple memory cells. The cell mode information can bechanged in response to a request from a management system.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a diagram showing an example of the configuration of acomputer system related to a first example.

FIG. 2 is a diagram showing an example of the configuration of a FMDrelated to the first example.

FIG. 3 is a diagram showing an example of an overview of the firstexample.

FIG. 4 is a diagram showing an example of the configurations of a hostand a storage system related to the first example.

FIG. 5 is a diagram showing an example of SDEV information related tothe first example.

FIG. 6 is a diagram showing an example of PG configuration informationrelated to the first example.

FIG. 7 is a diagram showing an example of internal LU configurationinformation related to the first example.

FIG. 8 is a first diagram showing an example of the relationship betweenan address space of an SDEV comprising a RAID and a FMD related to thefirst example.

FIG. 9 is a second diagram showing an example of the relationshipbetween the address space of the SDEV comprising a RAID and the FMDrelated to the first example.

FIG. 10 is a diagram showing an example of pool information related tothe first example.

FIG. 11 is a diagram showing an example of VL conversion informationrelated to the first example.

FIG. 12 is a diagram showing an example of cell mode information relatedto the first example.

FIG. 13 is a diagram showing an example of LU path information relatedto the first example.

FIG. 14 is a flowchart of an example of a PG creation process related tothe first example.

FIG. 15 is a flowchart of an example of an internal LU creation processrelated to the first example.

FIG. 16 is a flowchart of an example of a path definition processrelated to the first example.

FIG. 17 is a flowchart of an example of a write process related to thefirst example.

FIG. 18 is a flowchart of an example of a read process related to thefirst example.

FIG. 19 is a flowchart of an example of a data migration process relatedto the first example.

FIG. 20 is a diagram showing an example of the relationships of addressspaces from an LU down to a FMC related to the first example.

FIG. 21 is a diagram showing an example of management side poolinformation related to the first example.

FIG. 22 is a diagram showing an example of management side VL conversioninformation related to the first example.

FIG. 23 is a diagram showing an example of management side cell modeinformation related to the first example.

FIG. 24 is a diagram showing an example of the configuration of amanagement server related to the first example.

FIG. 25 is a diagram showing an example of management side SDEVinformation related to the first example.

FIG. 26 is a diagram showing an example of management side PGconfiguration information related to the first example.

FIG. 27 is a diagram showing an example of management side internal LUconfiguration information related to the first example.

FIG. 28 is a diagram showing an example of management side LU pathinformation related to the first example.

FIG. 29 is a flowchart of an example of a storage pool creation/updatingprocess related to the first example.

FIG. 30 is a flowchart of an example of a virtual internal LU creationprocess related to the first example.

FIG. 31 is a flowchart of an example of a cell mode information updatingprocess during a write related to the first example.

FIG. 32 is a flowchart of an example of a cell mode information changingprocess upon receipt of a cell mode change process related to the firstexample.

FIG. 33 is a flowchart of an example of a process for configuring tierinformation related to the first example.

FIG. 34 is a diagram showing an overview of segment-unit tier managementrelated to the first example.

FIG. 35 is a flowchart of an example of a process related to the firstexample for determining a target to be migrated in units of segments.

FIG. 36 is a diagram showing an overview of segment-unit tiermanagement, which takes into account a cell mode related to the firstexample.

FIG. 37 is a flowchart of an example of a cell mode change amountdetermination process related to the first example.

FIG. 38 is a first flowchart of an example of a cell changing processrelated to the first example for changing a cell capable of using bothLSB/MSB to a cell capable of using only LSB.

FIG. 39 is a second flowchart of an example of a cell changing processrelated to the first example for changing a cell capable of using bothLSB/MSB to a cell capable of using only LSB.

FIG. 40 is a flowchart of an example of a cell changing process relatedto the first example for changing a cell capable of using only LSB to acell capable of using both LSB/MSB.

FIG. 41 is a diagram showing an example of a GUI, which shows detailedinformation related to a storage pool related to the first example.

FIG. 42 is a diagram showing an example of a GUI, which shows detailedinformation related to a tier related to the first example.

FIG. 43 is a diagram showing an example of a GUI, which shows detailedinformation related to a virtual internal LU related to the firstexample.

FIG. 44 is a flowchart of an example of a cell mode changing process,which takes into account I/O coverage related to a second example.

FIG. 45 is a diagram showing an example of the configuration of amanagement server related to a third example.

FIG. 46 is a diagram showing an example of a GUI, which shows detailedinformation related to a parity group related to the first example.

FIG. 47 is a diagram showing an example of a GUI, which shows detailedinformation related to an internal LU related to the first example.

FIG. 48 is a diagram showing an example of a GUI, which shows detailedinformation related to a FMD related to the first example.

FIG. 49 is a flowchart of an example of a capacity billing check processrelated to the third example.

FIG. 50 is a diagram showing an example of a GUI, which displays an I/Ohistogram related to the second example.

FIG. 51 is a diagram showing an example of AP performance conditioninformation related to the first example.

FIG. 52 is a diagram showing an example of segment allocation trendinformation related to the first example.

FIG. 53 is a diagram showing an example of tier management informationrelated to the first example.

FIG. 54 is a diagram showing an example of billing information relatedto the third example.

FIG. 55 is a diagram showing the cell structure of an FM cell related tothe first example.

FIG. 56 is a diagram illustrating a cell erase of an FM cell related tothe first example.

FIG. 57 is a diagram illustrating cell programming of an FM cell relatedto the first example.

FIG. 58 is a diagram illustrating a cell read of an FM cell related tothe first example.

FIG. 59 is a diagram related to the first example showing thedistribution of threshold voltages, when only one bit is stored in an FMcell.

FIG. 60 is a diagram related to the first example showing thedistribution of threshold voltages, when two bits are stored in an FMcell.

FIG. 61 is a diagram illustrating a drop over time in the thresholdvoltage due to excessive cell programming and cell erases in an FM cellrelated to the first example.

FIG. 62 is diagrams showing examples of the relationships among theblock address spaces of respective FMD LUNS and the LSB and MSB of FMcells related to the first example.

FIG. 63 is a flowchart of an example of a read process related to thefirst example.

FIG. 64 is a first flowchart of an example of a write process related tothe first example.

FIG. 65 is a second flowchart of an example of a write process relatedto the first example.

FIG. 66 is a diagram showing a fourth example.

DESCRIPTION OF THE EMBODIMENTS

A number of examples will be explained by referring to the drawings. Theexamples explained below do not limit the invention of the claims, andnot all of the elements and combinations thereof explained using theexamples are essential to the solution of the invention.

Furthermore, in the following explanation, information is explainedusing expressions such as “aaa table”, “aaa list”, “aaa DB”, and “aaaqueue”, but the information may be expressed using a data structureother than a table, a list, a DB or a queue. Therefore, to show that theinformation is not dependent on the data structure, “aaa table”, “aaalist”, “aaa DB”, and “aaa queue” may be called “aaa information”. Inaddition, when explaining the content of each piece of information, theexpressions “identification information”, “identifier”, “name”, and “ID”are used, but these expressions are interchangeable. Also, theexpression “information” is used to show data content, but another formof expression may be used.

Also, in the following explanation, there may be cases where anexplanation is given using a “program” as the subject of the action, butsince the stipulated processing is performed in accordance with aprogram being executed by a processor while using a memory and acommunication port (an I/O port or the like), the explanation may alsobe given using the processor or a control device comprising a processoras the subject of the action. Processing disclosed as having a programor a control device as the subject of the action may be regarded asprocessing performed by a computer, such as a management server or astorage system, or an information processing apparatus. The controldevice may comprise dedicated hardware, which carries out either all orpart of the processing either instead of or in addition to theprocessor. Various types of programs may be installed in a computer fromeither a program delivery server or a storage medium.

The “nonvolatile” of nonvolatile memory does not refer to storagecontent being held under all circumstances or to the ability to holdstorage content permanently as is normally meant by the term, but rathersignifies that storage content can be held for a reasonable period (forexample, from one year to several years) even in a case where power isnot being supplied. In the examples, flash memory will be given as anexample of nonvolatile memory, but the nonvolatile memory may be anothertype of memory (for example, PRAM (Phase change Random Access Memory),MRAM (Magnetoresistive Random Access Memory) or the like), whichcomprise memory cells capable of storing multiple bits at time ofmanufacture.

The action by which a control device (and a computer comprising thiscontrol device) “displays” information may be an act in which thecontrol device displays a screen component or the like on a displaydevice of a computer comprising this control device, or an act in whichthe control device sends display information, such as the screencomponent being displayed on the display device, to the above-mentionedsecond computer, which comprises a display device. The second computer,upon receiving display information, can display a screen component orthe like represented by this display information on a display device.

Example 1

A first example will be explained hereinbelow by referring to thedrawings.

<1. Information System Configuration>

FIG. 1 is a diagram showing an example of the configuration of acomputer system related to the first example.

The computer system, for example, comprises a storage system 1000 and amanagement server 1200. The storage system 1000 receives an I/O request(a write request or a read request) from a host computer (will beabbreviated as host hereinafter) 1100. There can be one or more hosts1100 and management servers 1200, respectively. The storage system 1000and the host 1100 are coupled via an I/O network 1300. The storagesystem 1000, the management server 1200 and the host 1100 are coupledvia either a management network (not shown in the drawing) or the I/Onetwork 1300.

The host 1100 comprises an internal host network 1104 (for example, abus). A processor (abbreviated as Proc in the drawing) 1101, a memory(abbreviated as Mem in the drawing) 1102, and an I/O port (abbreviatedas I/O P in the drawing) 1103 are coupled to the internal host network1104.

The management server 1200 comprises an internal management servernetwork 1204 (for example, a bus). A processor (abbreviated as Proc inthe drawing) 1201, a storage resource 1210, a management port(abbreviated as M Pin the drawing) 1203, and an input/output device 1205(abbreviated as I/O device in the drawing) are coupled to the internalmanagement server network 1204. The storage resource 1210 is consideredto be either a semiconductor memory or a HDD, or a combination thereof,but may be another device that is capable of storing information and aprogram. The input/output device 1205, for example, may be a display, akeyboard, or a pointing device, or may be another such device. A serialinterface or an Ethernet interface may be used as an input/output deviceinstead of the input/output device 1205, a computer for display usecomprising a display, a keyboard, or a pointer device may be coupled tothe relevant interface, and by sending display information to thedisplay computer and receiving input information from the displaycomputer, the relevant interface may substitute for the input anddisplay of an input/output device by carrying out a display on andreceiving information from the display computer.

The management server 1200 can receive a management operation requestfrom a user (for example, the management server 1200 operator, or simplythe administrator), and can send the received management operationrequest to the storage system 1000. The management operation request isa request for a storage system 1000 operation, and, for example, may bea parity group creation request, an internal LU creation request, a pathdefinition request, a pool definition request, a virtual internal LUcreation request, a cell mode setup request, and a data migrationrequest. The respective requests will be explained further below.

Hereinafter, an aggregate of one or more computers for managing astorage system and displaying display information in a computer systemwill be called a management system. In a case where the managementserver 1200 displays the display information, the management server 1200is the management system. The management system may also be acombination of the management server 1200 and a display computer. Also,the same processing as that of the management computer may be realizedusing multiple computers to enhance the speed and increase thereliability of management processing, and in this case, the relevantmultiple computers (to include a display computer in a case where thedisplay computer carries out displays) is the management system.

A fibre channel connection is considered one example for the I/O network1300, but this connection may also be FICON (FIbre CONnection:registered trademark), or a combination of Ethernet (registeredtrademark), TCP/IP and iSCSI, or a combination of Ethernet and a networkfile system such as NFS (Network File System) or CIFS (Common InternetFile System). In addition, the I/O network 1300 may be any othercommunication network that is capable of transferring an I/O request.The I/O network 1300 and the management network may be the same network.

The storage system 1000 comprises a controller (written as CTL in thedrawing) 1010, a cache memory (written as Cache/Shared Mem in thedrawing) 1020, and multiple flash memory devices (Flash Memory Device:may abbreviated as FMD hereinafter) 1030. Furthermore, the storagesystem 1000 may also comprise multiple HDDs 1040. In the followingexplanation, the FMD 1030 and the HDD 1040 may be referred togenerically as either a storage device or SDEV when no distinction ismade between the two.

The preferred mode is considered to be such that the storage controller1010 and the cache memory 1020 are each comprised of multiplecomponents. This is so that even when a failure occurs in one componentcausing a blockage (refers to the fact that the component becomesunusable), the remaining component can be used to continue to receiveI/O requests represented by reads and writes. However, at least one ofthe storage controller 1010 or cache memory 1020 need not be comprisedof multiple components.

The storage controller 1010 is a device (for example, a circuit board)for controlling the operation of the storage system 1000. The storagecontroller 1010 comprises an internal network 1016. An I/O port 1013, acache port (written as C P in the drawing) 1015, a management port(written as M P in the drawing) 1016, a backend port (written as B/E Pin the drawing) 1014, a processor (for example, a CPU) 1011, and amemory 1012 are coupled to the internal network 1016. The storagecontroller 1010 and the cache memory 1020 are coupled together via aninternal storage network 1050. The storage controller 1010, therespective FMDs 1030 and the respective HDDs 1040 are coupled togethervia multiple backend networks 1040. A connection medium and protocolintroduced by the I/O network 1300 may be employed as the backendnetwork 1040, but another medium and protocol, such as SAS, SATA, orPCI-Express, may be used.

The internal networks of the host 1100 and storage system 1000 maypreferably be a wider bandwidth than the transfer bandwidth comprisingthe I/O port 1013, or may be replaced either partially or entirely bybuses or switched networks. In FIG. 1, one I/O port 1013 exists in thestorage controller 1010, but in actuality, multiple I/O ports 1013 mayexist in the storage controller 1010.

According to the above-described hardware configuration, it is possiblefor the host 1100 to read and/or write either part or all of the datastored in the FMD 1030 or the HDD 1040 of the storage system 1000, andfor the management server 1200 to manage the computer system.

FIG. 2 is a diagram showing an example of the configuration of an FMDrelated to the first example.

The FMD 1030 comprises an I/O port 2030, a FMD controller 2010, andmultiple FMC (flash memory chips) 2020. The I/O port 2030 is coupled tothe backend network 1040 and the FMD controller 2010. The FMD controller2010 is coupled to multiple FMCs 2020. The FMC 2020 comprises multipleflash memory cells (FM cell: written as Cell in the drawing).

Preferably, the FMD 1030 comprises multiple I/O ports 2030. This isbecause the backend network 1040 is redundant, and as such, couplingeach of the redundant backend networks 1040 and the FMD 1030 toindependent ports is preferable for maintaining redundancy. However, theFMD 1030 may have one I/O port 2030.

<1.1. Overview of Flash Memory>.

The multiple FM cells comprising the FMC 2020 will be explained in thissection.

<1.1.2. Explanation of FM Cell>.

FIG. 55 is a diagram showing the cell structure of a FM cell related tothe first example.

The FM cell comprises a silicon substrate 5501, which is a p-typesemiconductor, an n-type semiconductor (source) 5502, another n-typesemiconductor (drain) 5503, a tunnel oxide layer 5504, a floating gate5505, an oxide layer 5506, and a control gate 5507. The floating gate5505 is a structure, which is insulated by the tunnel oxide layer 5504and the oxide layer 5506. The floating gate 5505 can accumulateelectrons by producing a tunneling effect in accordance with a cellprogramming operation, which will be explained further below. Thefloating gate 5505 releases the accumulated electrons by producing atunneling effect in accordance with a cell erase operation, which willbe described further below. The electrons accumulated on the floatinggate 5505 will leak out over time due to a decrease in insulatingcapabilities as the tunnel oxide layer 5504 deteriorates. One cause ofthis deterioration is repetitive cell programming and cell erases.

<1.1.3. Cell Erase Operation>.

FIG. 56 is a diagram illustrating a cell erase of an FM cell related tothe first example.

The cell erase operation releases electrons, which have accumulated onthe floating gate 5505. This operation is realized by applying a groundvoltage to the control gate 5507 and a prescribed voltage (Ve) to thedrain 5503, the source 5502, and the silicon substrate 5501. Therespective voltages Ve of the drain 5503, the source 5502, and thesilicon substrate 5501 do not have to be the same from a microperspective. The classic reason for the unit of the cell erase operationbeing larger than the unit of a cell programming operation or a cellread operation is to increase the packaging density by simplifying thestructure of the FMC 2020.

<1.1.4. Cell Programming Operation>.

FIG. 57 is a diagram illustrating cell programming of an FM cell relatedto the first example.

The cell programming operation is for accumulating electrons on thefloating gate 5505. This operation is realized by applying a groundvoltage to the drain 5503, the source 5502, and the silicon substrate5501, and applying a prescribed voltage (Vpgm) to the control gate 5507.The ground voltage applied to the drain 5503, the source 5502, and thesilicon substrate 5501 may differ minutely.

<1.1.5. Cell Read Operation>.

FIG. 58 is a diagram illustrating a cell read of an FM cell related tothe first example.

The cell read operation is for measuring (sensing) the presence orabsence of electron accumulation (more precisely, the amount ofaccumulated electrons) accumulated on the floating gate 5505 inaccordance with the presence or absence of an electric current Ids fromthe drain 5503 to the source 5502. This operation is realized byapplying a prescribed voltage (Vread) to the control gate 5507, andmeasuring the electric current Ids flowing between the drain and thesource (checking whether or not a prescribed amount of current isflowing).

<1.1.6. Threshold Voltage and the Respective Operations>.

A Vread, which changes a state in which an electric current is notflowing between the drain and the source to a state in which only aprescribed amount of electric current is flowing, will be called thethreshold voltage (Vth) here. The threshold voltage is related to theamount of electrons, which have accumulated on the floating gate 5505,and the larger the amount of electrons accumulated on the floating gate5505, the higher the threshold voltage. Just like the definition of thethreshold voltage, the Ids will flow even though a voltage, which ishigher than the threshold voltage, is used as the Vread.

However, since the tunneling effect, which constitutes the basis of cellprogramming and a cell erase, is a stochastically-generated phenomenon,and there is also individual variability in each FM cell, the amount ofelectrons either accumulated on or released from the floating gate 5505cannot be easily controlled. For this reason, in an actual cellprogramming operation, the threshold voltage is repeatedly checkedsubsequent to applying the voltage Vpgm, and the size and pressureperiod of the Vpgm is adjusted such that the threshold voltage at thetime of a cell read will be higher than a predetermined boundary voltageVra.

The boundary voltage Vra must be higher than the threshold voltage ofthe FM cell that has undergone a cell erase. This is because, in a casewhere the threshold voltage of the post-cell erase FM cell is higherthan the boundary voltage Vra, this FM cell is mistaken for a cell,which has undergone cell programming.

<1.1.7. Storing Multiple Bits in 1 FM Cell>.

In a case where two bits are to be stored in one FM cell, the amount ofelectrons accumulating on the floating gate 5505 are controlled in fourstates, including a state immediately after a cell erase. In addition,the Ids is measured by applying boundary voltages Vra, Vrb, Vrc asthreshold voltages at the time of a cell read. For this reason, the FMcell can take a first state of immediately after an erase, in which thethreshold voltage is less than the boundary voltage Vra, a second state,in which cell programming has been performed such that the thresholdvoltage becomes higher than the boundary voltage Vra and lower than theboundary voltage Vrb, a third state, in which cell programming has beenperformed such that the threshold voltage becomes higher than theboundary voltage Vrb and lower than the boundary voltage Vrc, and afourth state, in which cell programming is performed such that thethreshold voltage is higher than the boundary voltage Vrc. The two-bitvalue denoted by the first state immediately after an erase is “11”, thebit value denoted by the second state is “10”, the bit value denoted bythe third state is “00”, and the bit value denoted by the fourth stateis “01” here. The bit value denoted by each cell state and the bit valueof data, which a higher-level device (the storage controller 1010 and soforth) write to a cell, may be the same, or the value of each bit may beinverted or made the same as either value. That is, in a case where thedata written by the higher-level device is “10”, “10” may be writtenas-is to the cell, or in a case where the data written by thehigher-level device is “10”, “1” and “0” in the respective bits may beinverted and “01” may be written to the cell.

FIG. 60 is a diagram showing the distribution of threshold voltages in acase where two bits are stored in a FM cell related to the firstexample.

In a case where the lowest bit of the FM cell (LSB: Least significantbit) is set to “0” from the “11” state immediately after an erase,control is carried out in accordance with a cell programming operationsuch that the FM cell threshold voltage becomes higher than the Vra andlower than the Vrb. As a result of this, the FM cell constitutes a “10”state.

Cell programming of the highest bit (MSB: Most significant bit) of theFM cell is implemented after the LSB cell programming. In a case wherethe highest bit (MSB) is set to “0” from a state in which LSB state is“0” (that is “00”), control is carried out in accordance with cellprogramming such that the threshold voltage of the FM cell falls withinthe distribution of “00” (that is, higher than Vrb and lower than Vrc).Similarly, in a case where only the MSB is set to “0” from a LSB stateof “1” (that is “01”), control is carried out in accordance with cellprogramming such that the threshold voltage of the FM cell falls withinthe distribution of “01” (that is, higher than Vrc). A cell eraseoperation is needed to set the LSB to “0” after having set the MSB to“0”.

In a case where the MSB is read from an FM cell in this state, a checkis performed to determine whether the MSB in a FM cell of either “11” or“10” is “1”, or whether the MSB in a FM cell of either “01” or “00” is“0” by measuring the current Ids in a case where the voltage Vreadapplied to the control gate 5507 is Vrb. In a case where the LSB is readfrom an FM cell, the electrical current Ids is measured in a case wherethe voltage Vread applied to the control gate 5507 is the voltage Vrcand a case where the applied Vread is Vra, and a check is made inaccordance with this measurement result. That is, when it is supposedthat the electrical current Ids in a case where the voltage Vreadapplied to the control gate 5507 is Vrc is Idsc, and the electricalcurrent Ids in a case where the voltage Vread is Vra is Idsa, first ofall, when the voltage Vread is set to Vra and the electrical currentIdsa flows, it is determined that the FM cell is “11”, and the LSB is“1”. In addition, in a case where Vread is set to Vrc and the Idsc doesnot flow, it is determined that the FM cell is “01”, and the LSB is “1”,and in a case where the Idsc does flow, it is determined that the FMcell is either “00” or “10”, and the LSB is “0”.

<1.1.8. FM Cell Deterioration>.

A voltage margin is needed between the threshold voltage distributionand the boundary voltages Vra, Vrb, Vrc in each state so as not tomistakenly detect a two-bit value stored in a FM cell. However, in acase where the FM cell has deteriorated, a portion of a thresholdvoltage distribution such as that shown in FIG. 60 at initial cellprogramming will fall below the boundary voltage over time as shown inFIG. 61 (for example, the Vrc). In a case where one bit is stored in oneFM cell, the FM threshold voltage distribution resists FM celldeterioration because a larger voltage margin can be adopted as shown onFIG. 59. Alternatively, in a case where three or more bits are stored inone FM cell, the threshold voltage distribution is susceptible to FMcell deterioration because the distribution becomes denser, narrowingthe voltage margin.

When the voltage supplied to the FMC 2020 is increased, a large voltagemargin can be adopted even in a case where multiple bits are stored inone FM cell, but in this case, care must be taken in the circuit designto deal with the power consumption and high voltages.

<1.1.9. When Storing Only the LSB>.

The drop in the threshold voltage in line with FM cell deteriorationtends to be larger the higher the original threshold voltage. For thisreason, even though two bits are able to be stored per FM cell, storinga bit in the LSB only may increase resistance to cell deterioration.Since the above-mentioned repetitive threshold voltage checkingoperations are required in a case where an MSB cell programmingoperation is performed, the cell programming time tends to be long. Forthis reason, storing a bit only in the LSB shortens cell programmingtime.

<1.1.10. Switching to One-Bit Storage>.

As described hereinabove, in a case where one bit is stored in one FMcell, the FM cell threshold voltage distribution resists FM celldeterioration because a larger voltage margin can be adopted as shown onFIG. 59. Also, a cell programming operation tends to be completed in ashorter time than when two bits are stored in one FM cell. This isbecause even when the threshold distribution width of state “0” is madewider, the voltage margin is still better than when two bits are stored,and as such, the size and pressure period of the Vpgm may be coarser,and the number of threshold voltage checks may be reduced in a cellprogramming operation.

In a case where a FM cell is used to store N bits like this, a rangedefined by a minimum value and a maximum value of the threshold voltageis divided into sub-ranges of 2^(N), the FMD controller uses all thesub-ranges to store an N-bits state, and reads the stored N-bitsinformation. The boundary voltage is equivalent to the boundary line ofsub-ranges, but does not necessarily have to be situated betweensub-ranges. Furthermore, the minimum value of the threshold voltage is avoltage that is the same or smaller than the post-cell erase boundaryvoltage, and the maximum value of the threshold voltage is considered tobe the maximum value the FM cell threshold voltage is capable of taking.However, as long as at least one of these values is a preferred valuefor the FMD controller, the other value may be used as the minimum valueand/or the maximum value.

Even though it was assumed at the manufacturing stage that N (two ormore) bits would be stored in one cell, it has been shown that makingthe number of bits stored in one cell smaller than N changes the cellstorage characteristics (for example, write speed, read speed, andreliability to include durability with respect to FM celldeterioration). Explaining reliability from the sub-range perspective, acase in which one bit is stored makes it possible to increase thesub-range of the threshold voltage targeted at the time of cellprogramming and to increase the sub-range at the time of a cell read,thereby heightening resistance to data loss.

In the following explanation, the term cell mode will be introduced as astate for stipulating the number of bits to be stored in a cell of anonvolatile memory. In a case where two bits are able to be stored inone cell (a case in which N is 2), there are two cell modes (a one-bitstorage mode and a two-bit storage mode). In a case where three bits canbe stored in one cell (a case in which N is 3), there are three cellmodes (a one-bit storage mode, a two-bit storage mode, and a three-bitstorage mode), but a multiple number of storage bits may be supported byone cell mode (for example, a first cell mode is a one-bit storage mode,and a second cell mode is a two- or three-bit storage mode).

The preceding was explained using a flash memory, which is one type ofnonvolatile memory, but PRAM and MRAM cells can also be changed usingone operation or another, and are similar to FM in that a prescribedobservation amount, which is capable of being stored thereafter, isdivided into multiple sub-ranges.

<1.1.11. Unit for Each Operation in FMC>.

The FMC 2020 allows a cell read operation and a cell programmingoperation to be carried out together for multiple FM cells. The bytesize for carrying out the cell read and the cell programming is calledpage size. For example, in a case where the page size is 4192 bytes(4096 bytes of data+96 bytes of redundancy code), and one byte is eightbits, 33536 FM cells will comprise one page. The cell read operationspecifies a page address and either the LSB or the MSB as theread-target bit. The cell programming operation specifies a page addressand either the LSB or the MSB as the programming-target bit, andthereafter, the FMC 2020 receives page-size data and stores the data inthe FM cells comprising the specified page. As another example ofrealizing a cell programming operation, the FMC 2020 may receive a pageaddress and page-size data. In accordance with this, in a case whereprogramming is carried out only for the LSB, data, which will constitutethe state “10”, may be delivered, and in a case where programming iscarried out only for the MSB, the stored LSB is determined in accordancewith whether the current cell is “11” or “10”, after that, data, whichwill constitute either “01” (in the case of “11”) or “00” (in the caseof “10”), may be delivered.

The FMC 2020 allows a cell erase operation that has a prescribed numberof pages as a unit. The unit of this cell erase is called an eraseblock. The cell erase operation specifies an erase block address. Forthis reason, in the case of a write, the FMD controller 2010 carries outa cell programming operation, and, as needed, a cell erase operation.

<2. Overview of this Example>.

An overview of this example will be explained.

FIG. 3 is a diagram showing an overview of the first example. Since FIG.3 is a diagram for use in an overview explanation, the specificexplanations and descriptions of the examples to be explained furtherbelow will not necessarily match with those of FIG. 3. In the followingexplanation, to include this overview, as in FIG. 60, (1) a first mode,which makes only the LSB the read/write target, and (2) a second mode,which makes both LSB/MSB the read/write target, will be explained as thecell modes. However, it goes without saying that this example can alsobe applied to a cell mode for carrying out bit storage as in FIG. 59.The following explanation can also be applied to a case in which threeor more bits are stored in one FM cell.

The storage system 1000 comprises a FMD 1030, and either records orreferences information using different cell modes (either LSB-onlyread/write execution, or both LSB/MSB read/write execution) with respectto the FMD 1030. In addition, the storage system 1000 stores this cellmode setup information (mode information) and storagecharacteristics-related information in cell mode information 4090, anduses this information in FMD 1030 management. The management server 1200receives the cell mode information 4090 from the storage system 1000,stores management-side cell mode information 12090, displays a cell modein accordance with a GUI or CLI, and uses the cell mode information tomanage the storage system 1000 comprising the FMD 1030 by receiving acell mode change request and sending the cell mode change request to thestorage controller 1010. In so doing, the administrator can makeflexible use of the storage system based on the capacity efficiency ofthe FMD 1030 and characteristics other than capacity (for example, asdescribed above, write time and a data storage period pursuant to FMcell deterioration).

In addition, the management server 1200 determines the percentage of FMcells capable of using only the LSB and the percentage of FM cellscapable of using both the LSB and MSB with respect to the FMD 1030,which is used as a real storage area of either a LU 1070 or a virtual LU1090 in accordance with an application performance requirement and anaccess measurement value, and, in addition, configures a cell modesuitable for an application request and utilization state by identifyinga FM cell that should be a cell mode change target, and issuing a cellmode change instruction to the storage controller 1010.

This enables the administrator to operate the storage system using acell mode, which is suitable for the actual utilization mode of thestorage system. Another way of putting it is that the administrator isable to specify a comprehensively suitable cell mode by also taking intoaccount an SDEV other than a flash memory, such as a HDD. The FMD 1030need not necessarily belong to a storage pool 1080 or a parity group1060. Also, all data in a LU 1070 may be stored in the LSBs, the MSBs,or in both the LSBs and the MSBs of the FM cells. For example, it issupposed that the administrator initially used a parity group (morespecifically, a FMD 1030 included in the parity group) in the cell modefor using only LSBs, and wanted to temporarily provide a high-speed LU1070 from a HDD without purchasing an additional FMD 1030. In this case,the administrator can acquire a new storage area by changing the cellmode of the parity group, and can define a new LU 1070 in this newlyacquired storage area. Typically, access to data stored in the MSB ofthe FMD 1030 is often faster than with HDD, and in the case ofshort-term use, the data storage period is not a problem. Needless tosay, of course, the cell mode may be used in accordance with a differentuse case.

In the following explanation, the focus will be on a case in which IOPS(an example of access frequency) is used as an example of a performancerequirement, however, in this example, an average response time per unitof time may also be treated as another example of a performancerequirement. In accordance with this, the “IOPS” of each example may beread as “average response time”. In this case, the storage controllermeasured value may be either an average or a maximum response time.

<3. Host and Storage System Programs and Information>.

The explanation will once again return to the computer system as awhole.

FIG. 4 is a diagram showing an example of the configuration of thestorage system and the host related to the first example. Computerprograms and various types of information included in the managementserver 1200 will be described further below.

The storage controller 1010 stores SDEV information 4050, PGconfiguration information 4060, internal LU configuration information4070, LU path information 4080, cell mode information 4090, poolinformation 4040A, and VL conversion information (abbreviation forvirtual-logical conversion information) 4040B in accordance with atleast one of the processor 1011, the memory 1012, the I/O port 1013, thebackend port 1014, and the cache port 1015, and, in addition, executesan I/O processing program 4010, a cache control program 4020, and aconfiguration control program 4030. Typically, these programs andinformation are stored in the memory 1012. However, either part or allof the information stored in the storage controller 1010 may be storedin a configuration external to the storage controller 1010 on the insideof the storage system 1000 (for example, in cache memory 1020, or in aportion of the FMD 1030).

The I/O processing program 4010 receives an I/O request (for example,either a read request or a write request) from the host 1100, andexecutes a process conforming to this I/O request. Specifically, forexample, the I/O processing program 4010 transfers data stored in thecache memory 1020 (read-target data conforming to a read request) to thehost 1100, or stores data received from the host 1100 (write-target dataconforming to a write request) to the cache memory 1020. In a case wherethe I/O request from the host 1100 is a block access format, the I/Oprocessing program 4010 can also carry out a process for providing alogical volume (for example, a logical unit (may be abbreviated as LU)in SCSI), which is the access target. In a case where the I/O requestfrom the host 1100 is a file format, the I/O processing program 4010 cancarry out a process for providing a file, which is the access target,and a directory. The I/O processing program 4010 may carry out a processrequired for providing access in accordance with another I/O request(for example, an I/O request of a database query or a CKD format).

The cache control program 4020 can copy (includes migration) data storedin a SDEV to the cache memory 1020, or copy data stored in the cachememory 1020 to the SDEV either together with or independent of the I/Oprocessing program 4010. The cache control program 4020, as a processfor enhancing reliability, may also create and/or update redundant datarepresented in a RAID (abbreviation of Redundant Array of Independent(or Inexpensive) Disks) based on the data stored in the cache memory1020.

The configuration control program 4030, in response to a request for aconfiguration change and/or a configuration reference, can carryout aprocess for referencing and/or updating at least one of the SDEVinformation 4050, the PG configuration information 4060, the internal LUconfiguration information 4070, the LU path information 4080, the cellmode information 4090, the pool information 4040A, and the VL conversioninformation 4040B. The configuration change and/or configurationreference request(s), for example, is issued from at least one of themanagement server 1200, the host 1100, and another computer. Theconfiguration control program 4030 receives another request from themanagement server 1200 and responds to the relevant request.

The SDEV information 4050 comprises information related to the SDEV. ThePG configuration information 4060 comprises configuration information ona parity group (Parity Group: may be abbreviated as PG hereinafter). Theinternal LU configuration information 4070 comprises information forconfiguring either part or all of the areas of an SDEV included in aparity group as an internal logical unit (hereinafter abbreviated as“internal logical unit” or “internal LU”). In this example, the internalLU is mainly used when including a parity group storage area in thestorage pool. However, as mentioned above, in a case where a storagearea of the FMD 1030 is provided without going through a storage pool, apath may be defined to the internal LU. Of course, as mentioned above,the FMD 1030 and the parity group itself may be included in the storagepool.

In a case where a request to query either the capacity or the block sizeof the logical unit is received from either the host 1100 or themanagement server 1200, the storage controller 1010 may send either thecapacity or the block size of the internal LU corresponding to thelogical unit specified in the query request. In a case where the LUspecified in the request here is a VLU (a virtual logical unit), thestorage controller 1010 may be configured so as to send the capacity(virtual capacity) defined for the VLU. Similarly, in a case where arequest querying the identifier of the logical unit has been receivedfrom either the host 1000 or the management server 1200, the storagecontroller 1010 may send a value based on a LUN allocated to the logicalunit, or may send a value based on the identifier of the internal LUcorresponding to the logical unit.

The cell mode information 4090 comprises the cell mode of a nonvolatilememory included in the FMD 1030. The pool information 4040A comprisesconfiguration information on a storage pool (hereinafter, may beabbreviated simply as pool). The VL conversion information 4040Bcomprises virtual-logical conversion information of a virtual internalLU created from the storage pool, and information for accessing asegment allocated to the virtual internal LU.

Either one or more, or all of the SDEV information 4050, the PGconfiguration information 4060, the internal LU configurationinformation 4070, the LU path information 4080, the cell modeinformation 4090, the pool information 4040A, and the VL conversioninformation 4040B may be collectively called storage configurationinformation. Other information may also be included in the storageconfiguration information.

At least one of an OS 4101, a file system 4102, an application program(abbreviated hereinafter as either application or AP) 4103, and a hostmanagement program 4104 is executed on the host 1100 in accordance withat least one of a processor 1101, a memory 1102, and an I/O port 1103.

The application 4103 is a program (for example, a Web server program ora database management program) for carrying out a business processcorresponding to a request from the user or another computer whilereading/writing file and other such data by making a request to the OS4101 or the file system 4102.

The OS 4101 sends an I/O request issued from the application 4103 or thefile system 4102 to the I/O port 1013 of the storage system 1000, andreceives data from the storage system 1000. The file system 4102 canconvert a file-format I/O request from an application to a block-formatI/O request or a network file system protocol-format I/O request, andcan request that the OS 4101 transfer the I/O request. The OS 4101 andthe file system 4102 may comprise processes other than these.

The host management program 4104 is for communicating information of theapplication 4103, the FS 4102 and the OS 4101 in the host 1100 to asystem management program 12010 (refer to FIG. 24) of the managementserver 1200.

Other programs may be executed in the host 1100. The host 1100 may alsosend and receive a database query and CKD system request in addition toa block I/O request and a file I/O request. Either a part or all of theprocessing of the OS and file system programs executed by the host 1100and the storage controller 1010 may be implemented using hardware.

FIG. 24 is a diagram showing an example of the configuration of themanagement server related to the first example.

The storage resource 1210 of the management server 1200 stores thesystem management program 12010, management-side SDEV information 12050,management-side PG configuration information 12060, management-sideinternal LU configuration information 12070, management-side LU pathinformation 12080, management-side cell mode information 12090,management-side pool information 12040A, management-side VL conversioninformation 12040B, AP performance requirement information 12100,segment allocation trend information 12110, and tier managementinformation (Tier management information) 12120. Other data may also bestored in the storage resource 1210, and the storage of a portion of theabove-cited information may be omitted.

The system management program 12010 is for managing either the storagesystem 1000 or the host 1100.

The management-side SDEV information 12050 stores information regardinga SDEV installed in the storage system 1000. The management-side PGconfiguration information 12060 stores information regarding a paritygroup defined in the storage system 1000. The management-side internalLU configuration information 12070 stores information regarding aninternal LU defined in the storage system 1000. The management-side LUpath information 12080 stores information regarding a logical unitdefined in the storage system 1000.

The management-side cell mode information 12090 stores informationregarding a cell mode defined in the storage system 1000. Themanagement-side pool information 12040A stores information regarding astorage pool defined in the storage system 1000. The management-side VLconversion information 12040B stores information on the relationshipbetween a virtual internal LU provided by the storage system and astorage pool, and an allocated segment. The AP performance requirementinformation 12100 stores either an internal LU or a virtual internal LUallocated to the host 1100, an application run on the LU, and aperformance requirement (for example, an IOPS or a response time) beingsought in the operation of this application. The segment allocationtrend information 12110 stores an amount for each unit of time of asegment allocated to a virtual internal LU-ID, and an IOPS (or averageresponse time) for each unit of time. The tier management information12120 stores information for managing an aggregate (this aggregate maybe called a tier (Tier)), which collects together storage resourceshaving the same (or substantially the same) performance and reliabilityfrom among the storage resource belonging to a storage pool. Differenttypes of SDEV may be included in a single tier.

The management server 1200 may store the system management program 12010in the storage resource 1210 using a CD-ROM or other such medium. Themanagement server 1200 may store the system management program 12010,which has been distributed from a distribution computer (not shown inthe drawing) in the storage resource 1210, and may store the systemmanagement program 12010 in the storage resource 1210 by executing aninstallation program distributed from a distribution computer.

One or more, or all of the management-side SDEV information 12050, themanagement-side PG configuration information 12060, the management-sideinternal LU configuration information 12070, the management-side LU pathinformation 12080, the management-side cell mode information 12090, themanagement-side pool information 12040A, the management-side VLconversion information 12040B, the AP performance requirementinformation 12100, the segment allocation trend information 12110, andthe tier management information 12120 may be collectively calledmanagement-side storage configuration information. Other information mayalso be included in the management-side storage configurationinformation.

<4. Details>.

<4.0. Address Space Names and Relationships>.

Before beginning a more detailed explanation, the block size in theexample will be explained using the drawings.

FIG. 20 is a diagram showing an example of the relationships of addressspaces from a LU down to a FMC related to the first example. Notationssuch as block [D] and block [G] are used for denoting the address spacein each respective layer.

In the first example, the addressing shown below is carried out.

(Layer 1) In a case where the FMD controller 2010 carries out a cellprogramming operation and a cell read operation with respect to an FMC2020, the FMD controller 2010 specifies the FMC 2020 identifiers (FMC1,FMC2, and so forth) and a page address, which specifies a page.Consequently, the unit of the data operation is page size. Only in thecase of a cell erase operation does the FMD controller 2010 specify FMC2020 identifiers and an erase block address, which specifies an eraseblock. Therefore, the unit for deleting data in a cell erase operationis erase block size.(Layer 2) In a case where the storage controller 1010 either reads orwrites to the FMD 1030, the storage controller 1010 specifies FMD 1030identifiers (FMD1, FMD 2, and so forth), a LUN, and a block [D] address.Consequently, the unit of the read/write is block [D] size. In thisexample, in a case where “0” has been specified as the LUN, the block[D] comprises a FM cell LSB. Furthermore, in a case where “1” has beenspecified as the LUN, the block [D] comprises a FM cell MSB. In a casewhere the storage controller 1010 accesses the HDD 1040, the storagecontroller 1010 specifies a HDD 1040 identifier (HDD1 and so forth), andthe block [D] address. The size of the FMD 1030 block [D] and the sizeof the HDD 1040 block [D] may differ or may be the same.(Layer 3) In a case where the storage controller 1010 either reads orwrites data from/to the cache memory 1020, the storage controller 1010specifies parity group identifiers (PG1, PGx, PGy and so forth) and ablock [G] address. Consequently, the unit of the data operation is ablock [G] size unit.(Layer 4) In a case where the storage controller 1010 either reads orwrites from/to an internal LU included in a pool, the storage controller1010 specifies internal LU identifiers (I-LU1, I-LU2, I-LU3 and soforth) and a block [I] address.(Layer 5) The storage controller 1010 manages an allocation to aninternal LU and a free area by using as a unit a prescribed size storagearea, which is a storage area called a segment of the internal LUincluded in a pool. However, in the case of either a read or a write,the storage controller 1010 specifies a segment address and anin-segment block address. Typically, the size on an in-segment block isthe same size as the block [I].(Layer 6) In a case where the host either reads or writes from/to avirtual internal LU, the host 1100 specifies a virtual internal LUidentifier and a block [V] address. The storage controller 1010 managesthe allocation and corresponding relationship (s) of a segment as achunk, which is a collection of block [V]s, and is the same size as asegment.(Layer 7) Although omitted from the drawing, the storage controller 1010can allocate one or more LUNs of the I/O port 1013 to an internal LU notincluded in a pool. The internal LU to which this LUN is allocated canbe detected from the host side as a LU to which a LUN is allocated. Anexample of this is such that the storage capacity of the LU (internalLU, to include a virtual internal LU) is notified from the storagecontroller 1010 as an example of this detection. As a result of this,the host 1100 can perform either a read or a write from/to the LU byspecifying the LUN and a LBA addressed to the I/O port 1013. Typically,the block size of the LBA is the same as that of block [I].

The preceding is the relationships of the address spaces in the example.However, the above address spaces are merely an example. Also, a paritygroup, the FMD 1030, or the HDD 1040 may be included in a pool insteadof an internal LU. The storage controller need not use part of anaddress space. For example, there are cases in which an addressconversion is carried out between layers 3 and 5 without using theaddress space (layer 4) related to the internal LU. In accordance withthis, a parity group identifier and block [G] address may be used inplace of the internal LU identifier and block [I] address. Naturally, aLUN may be allocated directly without including the internal LU in thepool. Furthermore, the size of each block, segment, chunk, page, anderase block may comprise the number of bytes for storing a redundancycode and control information besides the number of bytes for storingdata from the host.

<4.1. FMD>.

<4.1.1. FMD Controller>.

The FMD controller 2010 will be explained once again using FIG. 2.

The FMD controller 2010, for example, comprises an FMD I/O processingprogram 2011, a FMD internal configuration information notificationprogram 2014, FMD address conversion information 2012, and FMD internalconfiguration information 2013. The FMD 1030 can ensure a free area byreporting a storage capacity, which is smaller than the total storagecapacity of multiple FMCs 2020, to the storage controller 1010 as thecapacity provided.

The FMD address conversion information 2012 comprises a block [D]address specified in either a read request or a write request receivedby the FMD controller 2010, and the corresponding relationship between aFMC 2020 identifier and a page address. For example, the FMD addressconversion information 2012 has information of types (B1) and (B2) (butB2 may be eliminated) shown below for each block [D]:

(B1) the FMC identifier and page address where block [D] data isactually stored; and

(B2) the number of times that block [D] has been referenced.

The FMD internal configuration information 2013 is for managing afailure status of each FM cell, and preferably, stores information ofthe types (C1) through (C3) shown below in a unit derived by collectingone or more erase blocks inside each FMC 2020:

(C1) a failure status;

(C2) cell-erased information; and

(C3) either the number of cycles of cell programming and cell erase, orthe number of cell erases.

The FMD internal configuration information 2013 stores information formanaging the attributes (for example, block [D] size, and number ofblock [D]s) of a storage area provided to the storage controller 1010 asFMD 1030, and an empty erase block.

The FMD I/O processing program 2011 analyzes either a write request or aread request received by the FMD controller 2010 via the I/O port 2030.In the case of a write request, the FMD I/O processing program 2011 usesthe FMD address conversion information 2012 to identify the FMC 2020identifier and page address where the data of the block [D] specified inthe request is actually stored. Then, the FMD I/O processing program2011 stores the write data in a FM cell included in the identified pagein accordance with a cell programming operation, and carries out a cellerase operation as needed. In the case of a read request, too, the FMDI/O processing program 2011 uses the FMD address conversion information2012 to identify the FMC 2020 identifier and page address where the dataof the block [D] specified in the request is actually stored. Then, theFMD I/O processing program 2011 carries out a cell read operation withrespect to the FM cell comprising the identified page, reads the bitstored in the FM cell, and sends this bit to the storage controller 1010as the read data.

<4.1.2. Relationship of FMD LUN, LSB and MSB>.

FIG. 62 is diagrams showing examples of the relationships among theblock [D] address spaces of respective FMD LUNs and the LSB and MSB ofFM cells related to the first example. In the drawing, one page is thesize of four block [D]s, and an FM cell for storing an in-pageredundancy code is omitted to simplify the explanation.

As shown in the drawing, the LSBs of a prescribed page (for example,page 1) function as the actual storage areas of the block [D]s shown inthe prescribed block addresses of LUN 0 (for example, addresses 4through 7). The MSBs of a prescribed page (for example, page 1) functionas the actual storage areas of the block [D]s shown in the prescribedblock addresses of LUN 1 (for example, addresses 4 through 7).Therefore, the conversion from a block [D] address to a page addressreferences common FMD address conversion information 2012 in a casewhere the LUN is 0 and a case where the LUN is 1. The method forproviding the LSBs and MSBs of the page is not limited to this. Forexample, an even block [D] address may correspond to a LSB and an oddblock [D] address may correspond to a MSB, and the block [D] addressesmay alternately correspond to LSB and MSB by page size.

<4.1.2. FMD I/O Processing>.

A read process for processing a read request will be explained fromamong the processes of the FMD I/O processing program 2011.

FIG. 63 is a flowchart of an example of a read process related to thefirst example.

The FMD I/O processing program 2011 receives a read request specifying ablock [D] start address, block [D] length, and a LUN (Step F101). Next,the FMD I/O processing program 2011 uses the FMD address conversioninformation 2012 to identify a FMC 2020 and page corresponding to thespecified block [D] based on the block [D] start address and the block[D] length specified in the relevant read request (Step F102).

Next, the FMD I/O processing program 2011 determines the value of theLUN specified in the relevant read request (Step F103). In a case wherethe LUN is 0 (LUN=0 in Step F103), the FMD I/O processing program 2011carries out a cell read operation for the identified page-specified LSBwith respect to the FMC 2020 identified in Step F102, acquires the datastored in the page (more specifically, the data stored in the FM cellincluded in the page) (Step F104), and advances the processing to StepF106.

Alternatively, in a case where the LUN is 1 (LUN=1 in Step F103), theFMD I/O processing program 2011 carries out a cell read operation forthe identified page-specified MSB with respect to the FMC 2020identified in Step F102, acquires the data stored in the page (morespecifically, the data stored in the FM cell included in the page) (StepF105), and advances the processing to Step F106.

In Step F106, the FMD I/O processing program 2011 sends the dataacquired in either Step F104 or Step F105 to the storage controller1010, and ends the processing.

A write process for processing a write request will be explained fromamong the processes of the FMD I/O processing program 2011.

FIG. 64 is a first flowchart of an example of a write process related tothe first example. FIG. 65 is a second flowchart of the example of thewrite process related to the first example.

The FMD I/O processing program 2011 receives a write request specifyinga block [D] start address, a block [D] length, and a LUN, and write data(Step F111). Next, the FMD I/O processing program 2011 uses the FMDaddress conversion information 2012 to identify a FMC 2020 and a pagecorresponding to the specified block [D] based on the block [D] startaddress and the block [D] length specified in the relevant write request(Step F112).

Next, the FMD I/O processing program 2011 determines the value of theLUN specified in the relevant write request (Step F113). In a case wherethe LUN is 0 (LUN=0 in Step F113), the FMD I/O processing program 2011retrieves a cell-erased page (more specifically, a page, which has notundergone cell programming starting from a cell-erased block) (StepF114).

Next, the FMD I/O processing program 2011 specifies both the LSB and theMSB of the retrieved page and carries out a cell programming operation(Step F115). At this time, the FMD I/O processing program 2011 storeswrite data in the LSB, and carries out a cell read of the data stored inthe MSB of the page identified in Step F112 and stores the read data inthe MSB. In a case where the cell mode corresponding to the relevantpage is LSB Only, the state of the FM cell of the page identified inStep F112 is either “11” or “10”, that is, the MSB has not undergonecell programming. For this reason, the result of the programming of thisstep remains either “11” or “10” as-is, and the cell programming of theMSB is omitted as a result.

Next, the FMD I/O processing program 2011 updates the FMD addressconversion information 2012 so that the FMC identifier and page addresscorresponding to the specified block [D] becomes the FMC 2020 and pageaddress identified in Step F112 (Step F116), and ends the processing.

Alternatively, in a case where the LUN is 1 in Step F113 (LUN=1 in StepF113), the FMD I/O processing program 2011 checks the state of the FMcell of the identified page (Step F117). When the result is that all theFM cells in the page are either “11” or “10” (“11” or “10 in Step F117),the FMD I/O processing program 2011 carries out a cell programmingoperation for the identified page-specified MSB with respect to the FMC2020 identified in Step F112 (Step F118), and ends the processing. Thedata provided at this time is write data. More specifically, in a casewhere “0” is stored in the MSB and the state of the FM cell identifiedin Step F112 is “11”, this state becomes “01” as a result of cellprogramming. In a case where the state of the FM cell is “10”, thisstate becomes “00” as a result of cell programming. Incidentally, in acase where “1” is stored in the MSB, the result, or course, is that thestate remains as-is at either “11” or “10”.

Alternatively, in a case where none of the FM cells in the page areeither “11” or “10” (Other in Step F117), the FMD I/O processing program2011 retrieves a cell-erased page the same as in Step F114 (Step F119).Next, the FMD I/O processing program 2011 specifies both the LSB and theMSB of the retrieved page and carries out a cell programming operation(Step F120). At this time, the FMD I/O processing program 2011 readsdata stored in the LSB of the page identified in Step F112 and storesthe read data in the LSB, and stores the write data in the MSB. Next,the FMD I/O processing program 2011 updates the FMD address conversioninformation 2012 so that the FMC identifier and page addresscorresponding to the specified block [D] becomes the FMC 2020 and pageidentified in Step F119 (Step F121), and ends the processing.

In a case where a cell-erased page is retrieved at this point, a page,which meets all of the following conditions (D1) through (D3) may beretrieved:

(D1) A failure has not occurred in the page;

(D2) the state of the FM cell included in the page is “11” (in otherwords, the state immediately after a cell erase); and

(D3) cell programming has not been carried out for either the LSB or theMSB of another page having a higher page address than the page in theerase block.

As the page searched for in Step F119, a page, which is configured suchthat its use is precluded for some reason other than the condition thata failure has not occurred, may be excluded. For example, a page inwhich either the number of cycles or the number of cell erases hasexceeded the upper limit, or a page comprising data, which, althoughrecoverable using the redundancy code, has been garbled due to theprescribed number of bits having been exceeded.

The FMD I/O processing program 2011 may carry out either any or all ofthe processing of the following (E1) and (E2) associated with a cellprogramming operation for a page.

(E1) The FMD I/O processing program 2011, prior to storing write data,computes a redundancy code, such as a LRC (Longitudinal RedundancyCheck) or a CRC (Cyclic Redundancy Check), from the write data, andstores this redundancy code together with the write data. The relevantredundancy code is used to check for garbled data when a read request isreceived. In a case where garbled data has occurred, the FMD I/Oprocessing program 2011 returns an error with respect to the relevantread request, and records the fact that a block failure has occurred inthe FMD internal configuration information 2013.(E2) After storing the write data, the FMD I/O processing program 2011reads and compares the relevant block data from the FMC 2020. In a casewhere the comparison fails, the FMD I/O processing program 2011 recordsthe fact that a failure has occurred in the block in the FMD internalconfiguration information 2013, and once again carries out a cellprogramming operation.

In follow-on processing to Step F116 and Step F121, the page, which hadcorresponded to the specified block [D] prior to updating, may beregarded as invalid.

The FMD I/O processing program 2011, as a separate process, may alsocarry out a cell erase of an erase block comprising a newly invalidatedpage. In so doing, the FMD I/O processing program 2011 reads the bit(data) of a valid page FM cell from the cell erase-target block, andcarries out cell programming to a page of a different block. Thisprocessing can be carried out repeatedly either simultaneously withrequest processing or at an asynchronous timing. At this time, the FMDI/O processing program 2011 may record the number of cell eraseoperations for each erase block, and may strive to equalize the numberof erase operation by selecting an erase block with a lower number oferase operations when selecting a cell erase-target erase block.

<4.1.3. FMD Internal Configuration Information Notification Program>.

The FMD internal configuration information notification program 2014 isfor notifying the storage controller 1010 and so forth of FMD 1030internal information. The following (G1) through (G6) are examples ofthe information provided by the FMD internal configuration informationnotification program 2014.

(G1) Size of the FMD 1030 block [D] (The storage controller 1010 willcarry out access in units of the relevant block size.)

(G2) Number of block [D]s provided by the FMD 1030 (The storagecontroller 1010 may receive the provided storage capacity based on thesize of the block [D] and the relevant number of blocks.)

(G3) Value of the free capacity inside the FMD 1030 (may also beexpressed as number of blocks): The relevant free capacity value can becalculated in accordance with the following formula by finding thenumber of failed erase blocks (or number of blocks) in the FMD internalconfiguration information 2013. That is, the number of freeblocks=(number of blocks in all flash memory chips)−(number of failedblocks)−(number of blocks described in (G2)) or the number of unusedblocks (a case in which the number of block [D]s provided since thepoint in time at which the FMD began to be used is always allocated inproportion to the amount of capacity provided). In a case where aportion of the area of a flash memory chip is used for management orinternal redundancy, the number of free blocks may be computed by takinginto account (for example, subtracting) this number of blocks. Since theabove-mentioned formula is based on the block size of the FMC 1030, whenproviding information, this information can be provided in terms of theblock size of the FMD 1030. An example of a formula that uses number ofblocks has been given, but it goes without saying that the free capacityvalue can be obtained by multiplying a prescribed value by the number ofblocks.(G4) Fact that either the voltage or the power being provided to the FMD1030 is insufficient, and damage to the FMD 1030 internal bus or FMDcontroller 2010(G5) Detection of garbled data in the data stored in the FMC 1030 by theFMD controller 2010(G6) Either the number of cell programming and cell erase cycles, or thenumber of cell erases Hereinafter, this information may be collectivelyreferred to as number of cell rewrites.

Any connection medium and communication protocol may be used between theFMD 1030 and the storage controller 1010. In addition, a write requestto the FMD 1030 may be a request for updating data stored in the FMD1030, and a retry request to the FMD 1030 may be a request forreferencing the data stored in the FMD 1030. The detailed explanation ofthe FMD 1030 given above is merely an example. Another FMD 1030 may beused so long as the memory cell semiconductor characteristics enablemultiple bits to be stored, and, in addition, it is possible tocollaborate with the storage controller 1010 and to store the number ofbits stipulated by the cell mode in the memory cell. For example, thecontroller of the FMD 1030 may store a cell mode specified by thestorage controller 1010, and may utilize the FM cell as shown in FIGS.59 and 60.

As will be explained further below, in this example, a different cellmode may be used with respect to the FMD 1030. For example, one part ofthe block [D] address space of the FMD 1030 may use a first cell mode,and the other part may use a second cell mode. As was explainedhereinabove, since the association between the block [D] and the page isnot always the same inside the FMD 1030 and a different page is used inaccordance with a write request, it may seem at first glance that itwill not be possible to use the two cell modes mentioned above. However,what is changed in accordance with the cell mode is the way bits arestored in the FM cell, not how FM cells, whose original semiconductorcharacteristics and quality differ greatly, are used. Therefore, evenwhen the association between the block [D] and the page changesdynamically, the simultaneous use of multiple cell modes like this makesit possible for write data stored in a prescribed FMD 1030 in accordancewith the first cell mode to possess the characteristics of the firstcell mode, and for write data stored in the prescribed FMD 1030 inaccordance with the second cell mode to possess the characteristics ofthe second cell mode.

<4.2. Information Managed by the Storage System>.

FIG. 5 is a diagram showing an example of SDEV information related tothe first example.

The SDEV information 4050 comprises the following (H1) through (H4)information for each SDEV identifier (SDEV-ID) corresponding to therespective SDEVs.

(H1) Blockage information: The blockage information is blocked status ina case where the relevant SDEV is in an unusable state, and when this isnot the case, is normal status. Examples of unusable states include ahardware failure, a case in which the SDEV has been removed from thesystem, and a case in which the SDEV is the FMD 1030 and free area iseither insufficient or depleted.(H2) WWN (World Wide Name): This is the Fibre Channel communicationidentifier required for accessing a SDEV. In an actual Fibre Channel, aport number (may be called a port ID) is created based on the WWN, andsince communications are carried out using this value, the port numbermay be registered. In addition to this, another identifier (for example,an IP address, a TCP/IP port number, an iSCSI Name, and so forth) may besubstituted for communications between the storage controller 1010 andthe SDEV.(H3) SDEV model number: This information makes it possible to determinewhether the SDEV is a HDD 1040, or a FMD 1030.(H4) SDEV-provided capacity: The capacity is provided by the SDEVs.

In addition to the above-mentioned information, the SDEV information4050 may also comprise information denoting the physical location ofeach FMD 1030 mounted in the storage system 1000.

FIG. 6 is a diagram showing an example of PG configuration informationrelated to the first example.

The PG configuration information 4060 comprises the following (I1)through (I3) information for each identifier (PG-ID) of the respectiveparity groups (PG).

(I1) Blockage information: The blockage information is blocked status ina case where the PG is in an unusable state, and when this is not thecase, is normal status. An unusable state is considered to be a case inwhich the events given as examples below occur multiple times.(Event 1) Hardware failure(Event 2) SDEV removal(Event 3) Case where the storage controller 1010 receives a report thatfree areas are few or insufficient when the SDEV is a FMD 1030:Information that enables the above-mentioned events to be identified maybe stored in place of the blockage information.(I2) RAID level(I3) Number of SDEVs belonging to a parity group, and the SDEVidentifiers

As was explained hereinabove, the storage controller 1010 can allocatean address space to a parity group.

FIG. 8 is a first drawing showing an example of the relationship ofaddress spaces between an FMD related to the first example and SDEVscomprising a RAID. FIG. 9 is a second drawing showing an example of therelationship of address spaces between an FMD related to the firstexample and the SDEVs comprising the RAID. FIG. 8 shows an example ofthe relationship between a parity group address space [G] having a RAID1+0 as an example, and a FMD 1030 address space [D]. FIG. 9 shows anexample of the same relationship in a case where a RAID 5 is given as anexample.

Explanation of the Examples

FIG. 8 and FIG. 9 show examples in which a parity group 8100 is formedusing four SDEVs 8200, 8210, 8222, and 8230. A hatched box 8010 shown inthe example in the drawing denotes a block [D] of a SDEV, and referencesign 8011 denotes the address of this block [D]. A box 8020 having adotted line as a framework inside the box 8010 denotes a block [G],which the storage controller 1010 has allocated to the parity group8100, and reference sign 8021 denotes the address of the storagecontroller 1010-allocated block [G]. It can be supposed that the size ofthe block [G] of block 8020 is 512 bytes, the minimum block size capableof being provided under the SCSI standard, but another size may be used.

RAID 1+0:

In the case of RAID 1+0, as shown in FIG. 8, the storage controller 1010allocates the same address space using two SDEVs for the purpose ofmirroring (for example, SDEVs 8200 and 8210, and SDEVs 8220 and 8230),and carries out striping thereafter. In the case of striping, thestorage controller 1010 switches the serial address space [G] to anotherSDEV for each stipulated number of blocks (hereinafter, will be calledthe number of contiguous blocks for striping) (for example, four in theblock [G], and two in the block [D]). The stripe size (the size of anI/O carried out by reading/writing data from/to all the SDEVs inside theparity group) can be calculated using the following equation:Stripe size=(number of contiguous block [G]s for striping)×(number ofSDEVs/2)×(size of block [G]).

The explanation of RAID 1 will be omitted since RAID 1 is RAID 1+0 minusstriping.

RAID 5:

In the case of RAID 5, as shown in FIG. 9, the storage controller 1010also carries out a striping process using the number of contiguousblocks for striping as the unit, and allocates a parity storage area (inthe example, the addresses from P0 to P3 is the area for storing theparity from address 0 through address 11). The stripe size in the caseof RAID 5 can be calculated using the following formula:Stripe size=(number of contiguous block [G]s for striping)×(number ofSDEVs−1)×size of block [G]).

FIG. 7 is a diagram showing an example of internal LU configurationinformation related to the first example.

The internal LU configuration information 4070 comprises the following(J1) through (J4) information for each identifier (internal LU-ID) ofthe respective internal LU. A LU provided as a storage area to the host1100 is provided externally in accordance with defining a path on thebasis of this internal LU. “Externally” as used here may refer toanother type of apparatus either instead of or in addition to the host1100, for example a virtual switch or another storage system. In otherwords, another type of apparatus is able to issue an I/O request to thestorage system either in place of or in addition to the host 1100.

(J1) Blockage information: The blockage information is blocked status ina case where the relevant internal LU is in an unusable state (forexample, a case in which the parity group is blocked, or a case in whichan area is not allocated to the relevant internal LU), and when this isnot the case, is normal status.(J2) PG identifier (PG-ID), start address [G], and end address [G]: Thisinformation denotes the identifier of the parity group used as therelevant internal LU storage area, a start block address [G] inside theparity group, and an end block address [G].

FIG. 13 is a diagram showing an example of LU path information relatedto the first example.

The LU path information 4080, for example, comprises the information ofthe following (K1) through (K3).

(K1) Identifier of virtual internal LU provided to the host 1100(virtual internal LU-ID): The virtual internal LU will be explainedfurther below.

(K2) WWN (or identifier of I/O port 1013): The WWN shows the port 1013from which the virtual internal LU provided to the host 1100 isprovided. A port number or other type of identifier may be used insteadof the WWN. Hereinafter, either of these values will be used whendescribing a “port identifier”.(K3) LUN: The LUN denotes which LUN of the WWN (K2) will be provided asthe virtual internal LU provided to the host.

Since only a limited number of LUN can be defined, there is no need toallocate a WWN and a LUN to all the virtual internal LU defined in thestorage system 1000, and the LUN may be used efficiently by allocating acertain WWN and LUN to a certain virtual internal LU during a certaintime period, and allocation the certain WWN and LUN to a differentvirtual internal LU during a different time period. In a case where aninternal LU is provided directly to the host, the ID of the internal LUmay be configured instead of the virtual internal LU-ID. Thisinformation comprises the virtual capacity (equivalent to the “capacity”column of FIG. 22) of the virtual internal LU, and a value representingthe virtual capacity may be used when the storage controller informs thehost of the virtual capacity.

FIG. 10 is a diagram showing an example of pool information related tothe first example.

The pool information 4040A comprises the information of the following(a1) through (a3) for each pool ID (Pool-ID) and each segment ID(SEG-ID).

(a1) Allocation information denoting whether allocated or unallocated:This information is Yes in a case where the relevant segment virtualinternal LU is allocated to a chunk, and is No when this is not thecase.

(a2) Identifier of internal LU corresponding to a relevant segment, andstart and end block [I] addresses

(a3) MSB flag denoting the cell mode of the FMD 1030 in a case where therelevant segment is allocated from the FMD 1030

FIG. 11 is a diagram showing an example of VL conversion informationrelated to the first example.

The VL conversion information 4040B comprises the information of thefollowing (b1) through (b4) for each virtual internal LU-ID and eachchunk ID inside a virtual internal LU.

(b1) Virtual capacity of relevant virtual internal LU

(b2) ID of segment allocated to relevant chunk, and ID of poolcomprising relevant segment

(b3) Segment ID of segment allocated to relevant chunk: A NULL value isstored in a case where there has not been an allocation.

(b4) Access measurement value for the relevant chunk: The accessmeasurement value, for example, may include the number of reads/writes,a read/write response time, the number of reads/writes per unit of time(IOPS), and either an average or a maximum response time.

In a case where segments are not simultaneously provided to one virtualinternal LU from two pools, the ID of the storage pool corresponding toeach virtual internal LU may be managed without the need to manage apool ID for each chunk. Since the capacity is information related to avirtual internal LU, the capacity information may be stored as differentinformation. For example, the capacity of each virtual internal LU maybe stored as virtual internal LU configuration information. Inaccordance with this, needless to say, processing related to varioustypes of capacities will reference and create the relevant information.The access measurement value may be stored in the information shown inFIG. 10 as content corresponding to a segment rather than a chunk. Thisis the same for management-side information, which will be explainedfurther below.

FIG. 12 is a diagram showing an example of cell mode information relatedto the first example.

The cell mode information comprises a cell mode value for each pool ID(Pool-ID) and each segment ID (SEG-ID), and the number of cell rewrites.There are cases in which a pool comprises a segment comprising anHDD-provided block [D], and an invalid value (described as HDD in thedrawing) is configured as the cell mode value for this segment. Otherpossible cell mode values are as follows.

LSB only: This value denotes the fact that the relevant segment uses astorage area, which uses only the LSB of the FM cell of the FMD 1030, tostore block [D] data of a substantial address X.

LSB/MSB: This value denotes the fact that the relevant segment uses astorage area, which uses either the LSB or the MSB of the FM cell of theFMD 1030, to store block [D] data of a substantial address X.

At the finest granularity, the cell mode can be configured having one FMcell as the unit, and one cell mode value may be allocated to one FMcell. However, realistically speaking, the cell mode value may bemanaged using one page, one erase block, one FMD 1030, one parity group,one internal LU, or one virtual internal LU as the unit.

The number of cell rewrites is either the number of cell programming andcell erase cycles or the number of cell erases of the FMD internalconfiguration information 2013.

<4.3. Parity Group Definition>.

FIG. 14 is a flowchart of an example of a PG creation process related tothe first example. The PG creation process is executed by theconfiguration control program 4030.

The configuration control program 4030 receives a parity groupdefinition request comprising the identifiers of multiple SDEVs (theidentifier can be replaced by the mounting location in the physicalstorage system 1000 or logical identification information) and a RAIDlevel from the management server 1200, and based on informationassociated with this request (each FMD identifier and RAID level),creates and/or updates the PG configuration information 4060 (Step14002). The configuration control program 4030 configures the blockageinformation of the parity group corresponding to the PG configurationinformation 4060 to blocked.

Next, the configuration control program 4030 initializes the paritygroup (to include the creation of mirror data and parity data) (Step14003).

Next, the configuration control program 4030 changes the parity groupblockage information corresponding to the PG configuration information4060 from blocked to normal, indicates that the parity group is usable,and returns a complete message to the management server 1200 (Step14004).

<4.4. Internal LU Definition>.

FIG. 15 is a flowchart of an example of an internal LU creation processrelated to the first example. The internal LU creation process isexecuted by the configuration control program 4030.

The configuration control program 4030, upon receiving from themanagement server 1200 an internal LU definition request comprisingeither part or all of the information of (Parameter 1) through(Parameter 3) given as examples below, creates and/or updates theinternal LU configuration information 4070 based on the informationassociated with the relevant request (Step 15002). The configurationcontrol program 4030 configures the blockage information of the internalLU corresponding to the internal LU configuration information 4070 toblocked.

(Parameter 1) Parity group identifier

(Parameter 2) Parity group [G] start address

(Parameter 3) Either internal LU storage area or parity group [G] endaddress

With regard to (Parameter 3), the end address is an integral multiple ofthe striping size of the relevant parity group, and the configurationcontrol program 4030 may carry out a check to avoid one piece of paritydata being shared by multiple internal LU. (Parameter 2) and (Parameter3) have been specified using the block size of the parity group, but theconfiguration control program 4030 may accept a relevant parameter valuehaving the striping size as the unit. Similarly, in a case where theparity group [G] start address and [G] end address are to beconclusively determined, the configuration control program 4030 mayaccept a parameter in accordance with a different format.

Next, the configuration control program 4030 carries out initializationprocessing for the internal LU as needed (Step 15003). For example, theconfiguration control program 4030 may create an internal LU managementarea as part of the initialization process.

Next, the configuration control program 4030 shows that the internal LUis usable by changing the blockage information of the internal LUcorresponding to the internal LU configuration information 4070 fromblocked to normal, and returns a complete message to the managementserver 1200 (Step 15004).

<4.5 LU Path Definition>.

FIG. 16 is a flowchart of an example of a path definition processrelated to the first example. The path definition process is executed bythe configuration control program 4030.

The configuration control program 4030 receives from the managementserver 1200 a path definition request comprising the identifier of avirtual internal LU, port information (in the case of identificationinformation, which is ultimately capable of being converted to eitherthe identifier or the WWN of the I/O port 1013, the port information maybe information other than this), and a LUN (Step 16002).

Next, the configuration control program 4030 checks whether the WWN andLUN specified in the request have yet to be allocated (Step 16003), andin a case where allocation is complete, responds with an error and endsthe processing.

Alternatively, in a case where allocation has not been completed, theconfiguration control program 4030 creates and/or updates the LU pathinformation 4080 based on the information associated with the request,and returns a complete message to the management server 1200 (Step16004).

The configuration control program 4030 may also define multiple pathsfor the virtual internal LU in order to multiplex the access paths fromthe host 1100. In the case of a delete process for a defined path, theconfiguration control program 4030 may use the virtual internal LUidentifier or a combination of the WWN and the LUN from the managementserver 1200 to find an entry corresponding to the LU path informationand delete the path setting by deleting the relevant entry. Instead ofspecifying a WWN and a LUN in the LU path definition request, theconfiguration control program 4030 may retrieve and allocate a free WWNand LUN.

<4.6. Storage Pool Definition>.

FIG. 29 is a flowchart of an example of a storage pool creation/updatingprocess related to the first example. The storage pool creation/updatingprocess is executed by the configuration control program 4030.

The configuration control program 4030 receives from the managementserver 1200 a storage pool definition request comprising either a partor all of the information of a (Parameter 1) and a (Parameter 2) givenas examples below (Step 29001).

(Parameter 1) Storage pool identifier (Pool-ID)

(Parameter 2) LUID of internal LU (one or more are specified)

Next, the configuration control program 4030 checks whether a storagePool-ID is specified in the storage pool definition request (Step29002). When the result is that a Pool-ID is specified (YES in Step29002), the configuration control program 4030 associates the specifiedinternal LU with the storage pool corresponding to the specified Pool-IDin the pool information 4040A (Step 29003), and advances the processingto Step 29005.

Alternatively, in a case where a Pool-ID is not specified (NO in Step29002), the configuration control program 4030 picks a new storage poolnumber, creates a corresponding entry in the pool information 4040A,associates this entry with the specified internal LU (Step 29004), andadvances the processing to Step 29005.

In Step 29005, the configuration control program 4030 allocates a SEG-IDto a segment of the added internal LU, and updates the pool information4040A. In the initial state, the configuration control program 4030configures the allocation column to No and configures the MLB flag toNo.

<4.6a. Virtual Internal LU Definition>.

FIG. 30 is a flowchart of an example of a virtual internal LU creationprocess related to the first example. The virtual internal LU creationprocess is executed by the configuration control program 4030.

The configuration control program 4030 receives from the managementserver 1200 a virtual internal LU definition request comprising eitherpart or all of the information of a (Parameter 1) and a (Parameter 2)given as examples below (Step 30001).

(Parameter 1) Storage pool identifier

(Parameter 2) Virtual capacity of virtual internal LU

Next, the configuration control program 4030 configures a newly createdvirtual internal LU-ID, a virtual capacity, a specified Pool-ID, and achunk ID for the amount of capacity in the VL conversion information4040B based on the information associated with the received request(Step 30002). In the initial state, null is configured in the SEG-ID.The SEG-ID of the VL conversion information 4040B is updated when awrite occurs and a new page is allocated. The virtual capacity, as hasbeen explained hereinabove, may be configured in information other thanthe VL conversion information.

<4.6b. Cell Mode Setup/Change>.

<4.6b.1. Cell Mode Information Update Using Write Process>

FIG. 31 is a flowchart of an example of a cell mode information updatingprocess during a write related to the first example.

When a write is generated from the host 1100 to an internal LU (Step31001), the configuration control program 4030 references the poolinformation 4040A, the internal LU information 4070, and the SDEVinformation 4050, checks the SDEV information of the write-targetsegment, and checks whether or not the SDEV is the FMD 1030 (Step31002).

When the result is that the SDEV is the FMD 1030 (YES in Step 31002),the configuration control program 4030 acquires from the FMD internalconfiguration information notification program 2014 the number of cellrewrites for all the pages corresponding to the relevant segment, andcomputes a maximum value (or an average value, a minimum value, oranother statistical value) of these (Step 31003). Next, theconfiguration control program 4030 configures the cell mode to LSB Only,uses the number of cell programming/cell erase cycles as the maximumvalue computed in Step 31003, configures this information in the cellmode information 4090 (Step 31004), and ends the processing.

Alternatively, in a case where the SDEV is not the FMD 1030 (YES in Step31002), the configuration control program 4030 configures the cell modeto HDD, leaves the number of cell rewrites blank, configures thisinformation in the cell mode information 4090 (Step 31005), and ends theprocessing.

This processing does not necessarily have to be carried out in units ofone write. This processing may also be carried out at a different timefrom a write process. As described hereinabove, since the associationbetween the block [D] of the FMD 1030 and a page changes dynamically,the corresponding relationship between a segment and a page is notalways fixed. For this reason, the number of cell rewrites is acquiredfrom the FMD 1030 as the number of rewrites of the FMD 1030, and thisvalue may be used in Step 31003. The number of cell rewrites of the FMD1030 is considered the maximum value of the number of rewrites of allthe pages (spare pages may be excluded) included in the FMD 1030, but inaddition, an average value, a total value, or another statistical valuemay be employed instead of the maximum value.

As described hereinabove, the segment size is larger than the page size,and as such, even when the page(s) corresponding to a segment changeover the course of several writes, it is assumed that the affect of thiswill be slight compared to the total number of pages related to thesegment. In accordance with this, as described above, prescribing theblock [D] related to a segment to the FMD 1030 makes it possible toexpect that the correct value will be correspondingly acquired in a casewhere a statistical value of the number of rewrites of the correspondingpages has been acquired.

These numbers of cell rewrites may be computed by the FMD controller2010 and sent to the storage controller, but the storage controller mayalso compute the number of rewrites directly. The number of rewrites mayalso be obtained using a different method.

<4.6b.2 Cell Mode Change>.

FIG. 32 is a flowchart of an example of a cell mode information changingprocess upon receipt of a cell mode change process related to the firstexample.

The configuration control program 4030, upon receiving from themanagement server 1200 a cell mode information update request comprisingeither part or all of the information of (Parameter 1) through(Parameter 2) given as examples below, updates the cell mode information4090 based on the information associated with the relevant request (Step32001).

(Parameter 1) Storage pool identifier (Pool-ID)

(Parameter 2) Segment identifier (SEG-ID)

(Parameter 3) Cell mode value

Next, the configuration control program 4030 checks Parameter 3, andchecks whether or not the cell mode value has changed from LSB Only toLSB/MSB (Step 32002). In a case where the cell mode value has changedfrom LSB Only to LSB/MSB (YES in Step 32002), the configuration controlprogram 4030 searches the pool information 4040A for a row having thePool-ID specified in Parameter 1, and the SEG-ID specified in Parameter2, as well as the internal LU-ID and the start-end addresses. Next, theconfiguration control program 4030 adds one row to the pool information4040A having the Parameter 1 value in the Pool-ID column, a new segmentnumber in the SEG-ID column, No in the allocation column, the value ofthe retrieved internal LU-ID in the internal LU-ID column, Yes in theMSB flag column, and the retrieved values in the start-end addressescolumn (Step 32003), and ends the processing.

Alternatively, in a case where the cell mode value has not changed fromLSB Only to LSB/MSB (NO in Step 32002), the configuration controlprogram 4030 checks Parameter 3, and checks whether or not the cell modevalue has changed from LSB/MSB to LSB Only (Step 32004). When the resultis that the cell mode value has not changed from LSB/MSB to LSB Only (NOin Step 32004), the configuration control program 4030 ends theprocessing.

Alternatively, in a case where the cell mode value has changed fromLSB/MSB to LSB Only (YES in Step 32004), the configuration controlprogram 4030 deletes the one row from the pool information 4040A inwhich the MSB flag is YES with respect to the specified SEG-ID (Step32005).

In this example, the changing of the cell mode is executed on the basisof the segment identifier, but the present invention is not necessarilylimited to this. For example, in a case where the cell mode of aninternal LU changes in units of internal LUs, the configuration controlprogram 4030 may specify the start-end addresses [I] of the internal LUor the identifier of the internal LU. In a case where the cell modechanges in units of parity groups, the configuration control program4030 may specify the start-end addresses [G] of the parity group or theidentifier of the parity group. In a case where the cell mode changes inunits of FMDs, the configuration control program 4030 may specify thestart-end addresses [D] of the FMD or the identifier of the FMD.Furthermore, in a case where the cell mode changes in units of FM cells,the configuration control program 4030 may specify the identifier of theFM cell.

<4.7 Write Process>.

FIG. 17 is a flowchart of an example of a write process related to thefirst example.

The I/O processing program 4010, upon receiving a write request (a writecommand and write data) from the host 1100 (Step 17001), uses I/Oinformation in the received write request to identify the ID of thewrite-destination virtual internal LU and a chunk ID (Step 17002).

Next, the I/O processing program 4010 uses the VL conversion information4040B to check whether or not a segment is allocated to the identifiedwrite-destination chunk (Step 17003).

When the result is that a segment is allocated (YES in Step 17003), theI/O processing program 4010 advances the processing to Step 17005.Alternatively, in a case where a segment is not allocated (NO in Step17003), the I/O processing program 4010 checks the pool information4040A and allocates an unallocated segment to the chunk. Thereafter, theI/O processing program 4010 changes the pool information 4040Aallocation column corresponding to the allocated segment to Yes. The I/Oprocessing program 4010 also respectively configures the SEG-ID and theMSB flag of the currently allocated segment in the SEG-ID column and theMSB flag column of the VL conversion information 4040B (Step 17004), andadvances the processing to Step 17005.

In Step 17005, the I/O processing program 4010 converts the address [I]of the write-target segment from the pool information 4040A to the SDEVidentifier and the SDEV block address [D] in accordance with computingthe striping and converting the block size.

Next, the I/O processing program 4010 sends a write request comprisingthe converted block address [D] and the MSB flag of the write-targetsegment to the converted SDEV (Step 17006). In a case where the MSB flagis Yes here, the I/O processing program 4010 configures the LUN of thewrite request to the SDEV to 1, and in a case where the MSB flag is No,configures the LUN of the write request to the SDEV to 0. Prior towriting the write data to the SDEV, the I/O processing program 4010 maystore the write data temporarily in the cache memory.

Next, the I/O processing program 4010 receives write-completeinformation from the SDEV, and updates the access measurementinformation of the VL conversion information 4040B with respect to thesegment corresponding to the block address [D] for which the write wasexecuted (Step 17007). The I/O processing program 4010 executes the cellmode information update process (FIG. 31), and updates the cell modeinformation 4090. Then the I/O processing program 4010 responds to thehost 1100 with complete (Step 17008).

The preceding is the write process. In a case where the write data istemporarily stored in the cache memory, the processing is carried outasynchronously to the write request from Step 17005 onward. In addition,in a case where the cache memory is used, the process for searching fora segment in Step 17004 may be carried out after temporarily storing thewrite data in the cache memory. Information as to whether thetemporarily stored write data should be written to the LSB or written tothe MSB may be included in the cache memory area management information.

<4.8 Read Process>.

FIG. 18 is a flowchart of an example of a read process related to thefirst example.

The I/O processing program 4010, upon receiving a read request (a readcommand) from the host 1100 (Step 18001), identifies the ID of theread-source virtual internal LU and a chunk ID from the I/O destinationinformation of the received read command. In a case where the targetchunk ID data exists in the cache memory 1020, the I/O processingprogram 4010 responds to the host 1100 with this read-target data andends the corresponding flow of processing.

The I/O processing program 4010 checks whether a segment is allocated tothe specified chunk ID based on the VL conversion information 4040B(Step 18002). When the result is that a segment is not allocated (NO inStep 18002), the I/O processing program 4010 responds to the host 1100with a prescribed response (for example, data expressing zeros) (Step18003), and ends the processing.

Alternatively, in a case where a segment is allocated (YES in Step18002), the I/O processing program 4010 checks the SEG-ID and the MSBflag of the segment corresponding to the specified chunk ID based on theVL conversion information 4040B, and, in addition, based on the startaddress and the end address of the pool information 4040A, converts theread-target segment address [I] to a SDEV identifier and a SDEV blockaddress [D] in accordance with computing the striping and converting theblock size (Step 18004).

Next, the I/O processing program 4010 sends a read request comprisingthe converted block address [D] and the read-target segment MSB flag tothe converted SDEV (Step 18005). In a case where the MSB flag is Yeshere, the I/O processing program 4010 configures the LUN of the readrequest to the SDEV to 1, and in a case where the MSB flag is No,configures the LUN of the read request to the SDEV to 0.

Next, the I/O processing program 4010 receives read-complete informationfrom the SDEV, updates the access measurement information of the VLconversion information 4040B with respect to the segment correspondingto the block address [D] for which the read was executed (Step 18006),and ends the processing.

<4.9. Data Migration>.

FIG. 19 is a flowchart of an example of a data migration process relatedto the first example.

The configuration control program 4030 receives from the managementserver 1200 a data migration request comprising either part or all ofthe information of (Parameter 1) through (Parameter 10) given asexamples hereinbelow (Step 19001).

(Parameter 1) Identifier of migration-source storage

(Parameter 2) Identifier of migration-source storage pool

(Parameter 3) Identifier of migration-source segment

(Parameter 4) MSB flag of migration-source segment

(Parameter 5) Start-end addresses [I] of migration-source segment

(Parameter 6) Identifier of migration-destination storage

(Parameter 7) Identifier of migration-destination storage pool

(Parameter 8) Identifier of migration-destination segment

(Parameter 9) MSB flag of migration-destination segment

(Parameter 10) Start-end addresses [I] of migration-destination segment

In a case where the configuration control program 4030 can identify theparameters included in the relevant request as the chunk and the newsegment corresponding to the chunk, i.e., the so-called datamigration-destination segment, parameters other than the above-mentionedparameters may be used. For example, the IDs of the chunk and thesegment are examples of parameters, and the chunk being specified by theblock [I] address is another example of a parameter. In accordance withthis, the migration-source segment may be identified from the VLconversion information as the segment allocated to the specified chunk.As another example, the migration-source segment ID and themigration-destination segment ID may be specified.

The configuration control program 4030 respectively converts theaddresses [I] of the specified migration-source segment andmigration-destination segment to a SDEV identifier and a SDEV blockaddress [D] in accordance with computing the striping and converting theblock size (Step 19002).

The configuration control program 4030 sends a read request comprisingthe converted block address [D] and the MSB flag of the read-targetsegment to the converted migration-source SDEV, and reads thecorresponding data (Step 19003). In a case where the MSB flag is Yeshere, the configuration control program 4030 configures the LUN of theread request to the SDEV to 1, and in a case where the MSB flag is No,configures the LUN of the read request to the SDEV to 0.

Next, the configuration control program 4030 sends a write requestcomprising the converted block address [D], the MSB flag, and the dataread in Step 19003 to the converted migration-destination SDEV (Step19004). In a case where the MSB flag is Yes here, the configurationcontrol program 4030 configures the LUN of the write request to the SDEVto 1, and in a case where the MSB flag is No, configures the LUN of thewrite request to the SDEV to 0. The configuration control program 4030may store the write data temporarily in the cache memory 1020 prior towriting the write data to the SDEV.

The configuration control program 4030 sends a write request comprisingthe converted block address [D], the MSB flag, and zero data to theconverted migration-source SDEV (Step 19005). The migration-source SDEVdata is deleted in accordance with this operation. The processing ofStep 19005 may be carried out asynchronously in a case where it comesafter the processing of Step 19004. That is, the zero data write neednot be executed immediately after the data write to themigration-destination SDEV, and, for example, may be executed when a newwrite request has come for the migration-source segment. This data doesnot have to be deleted.

The configuration control program 4030, upon receiving a read-, write-,and delete (zero data write)-complete from the SDEV, updates the valuesof the pool information 4040A allocation column, the VL conversioninformation 4040B SEG-ID and access measurement value columns, and thecell mode information 4090 number of cell rewrites column (Step 19006)and ends the processing.

<5. Detailed Explanation of Management Server>.

Next, the management server 1200 will be explained.

<5.1 Detailed Explanation of Management Server Information>.

FIG. 25 is a diagram showing an example of management-side SDEVinformation related to the first example.

The management-side SDEV information 12050 comprises the followinginformation related to the SDEVs (1030, 1040, and so forth) installed ineach storage system 1000.

(MA 1) Storage system 1000 identifier

(MA 2) SDEV identifier

(MA 3) SDEV blockage information

(MA 4) SDEV WWN (World Wide Name): This is the Fibre Channelcommunication identifier required to access the SDEV.

(MA 5) SDEV model number: This makes it possible to determine whetherthe SDEV is a HDD 1040 or a FMD 1030.

(MA 6) SDEV-provided capacity: The capacity is provided by the SDEVs.

The respective meanings of the above-mentioned (MA 2) through (MA 6) arethe same as the SDEV information 4050 explained using FIG. 5. However,the management-side SDEV information 12050 and the SDEV information 4050need not have the same data structure. Similarly, the management-sideSDEV information 12050 and the SDEV information 4050 do not have to bestored using the same data expression format even when the informationcomprised therein have the same meanings.

FIG. 26 is a diagram showing an example of management-side PGconfiguration information related to the first example.

The management-side PG configuration information 12060 comprises thefollowing information related to a parity group defined in each storagesystem 1000.

(MB 1) Storage system 1000 identifier

(MB 2) Parity group identifier

(MB 3) Parity group blockage information

(MB 4) Parity group RAID level

(MB 5) Number of SDEVs belonging to the parity group and the SDEVidentifiers

The respective meanings of the above-mentioned (MB 2) through (MB 5) arethe same as the PG configuration information 4060 explained using FIG.6. However, the management-side PG configuration information 12060 andthe PG configuration information 4060 need not have the same datastructure. Similarly, the management-side PG configuration information12060 and the PG configuration information 4060 do not have to be storedusing the same data expression format even when the informationcomprised therein have the same meanings.

FIG. 27 is a diagram showing an example of management-side internal LUconfiguration information related to the first example.

The management-side internal LU configuration information 12070comprises the following information related to an internal LU defined ineach storage system 1000.

(MC 1) Storage system 1000 identifier

(MC 2) Internal LU identifier

(MC 3) Internal LU blockage information

(MC 4) PG identifier, start address [G], and end address [G]: Thisinformation denotes the parity group used as a storage area of therelevant internal LU, and the start address [G] and end address [G]inside the parity group.

The respective meanings of the above-mentioned (MC 2) through (MC 4) arethe same as the internal LU configuration information 4070 explainedusing FIG. 7. However, the management-side internal LU configurationinformation 12070 and the internal LU configuration information 4070need not have the same data structure. Similarly, the management-sideinternal LU configuration information 12070 and the internal LUconfiguration information 4070 do not have to be stored using the samedata expression format even when the information comprised therein havethe same meanings.

FIG. 28 is a diagram showing an example of management-side LU pathinformation related to the first example.

The management-side LU path information 12080 comprises the followinginformation related to a logical unit defined in each storage system1000.

(MD 1) Storage system 1000 identifier

(MD 2) Identifier of virtual internal LU provided to host 1100

(MD 3) WWN (or I/O port 1013 identifier): The WWN shows the port 1013from which an internal LU provided to the host 1100 is provided. Anotheridentifier, such as a port number, may be used in place of the WWN. Thecontents of this information may differ from the informationcorresponding to the LU path information 4080 (For example, the storagesystem 1000 manages LU path information using a WWN, and the managementserver 1200 manages LU path information using a port number.).(MD 4) LUN

The respective meanings of the above-mentioned (MD 2) through (MD 4) arethe same as the LU path information 4080 explained using FIG. 13.However, the management-side LU path information 12080 and the LU pathinformation 4080 need not have the same data structure. Similarly, themanagement-side LU path information 12080 and the LU path information4080 do not have to be stored using the same data expression format evenwhen the information comprised therein have the same meanings. As wasexplained using FIG. 13, the internal LU identifier may be registered inthe MD 2 of the relevant information. The virtual capacity of thevirtual internal LU may also be registered in this information.

FIG. 21 is a diagram showing an example of management-side poolinformation related to the first example.

The management-side pool information 12040A comprises the followinginformation related to a storage pool defined in each storage system1000.

(ME 1) Storage system 1000 identifier

(ME 2) Storage pool identifier

(ME 3) Identifier of segment allocated to storage pool

(ME 4) Allocation information denoting whether or not segment identifieris allocated to the virtual internal LU: The allocation information isYes in a case where the relevant segment is allocated to a virtualinternal LU chunk, which is one of the internal LUs, which will beexplained further below, and is No when this is not the case.(ME 5) Identifier of internal LU, and start and end block [I] addressescorresponding to relevant segment(ME 6) MSB flag denoting cell mode of FMD 1030 when the segment isallocated from the FMD 1030

The respective meanings of the above-mentioned (ME 4) through (ME 6) arethe same as the pool information 4040A explained using FIG. 10. However,the management-side pool information 12040A and the pool information4040A need not have the same data structure. Similarly, themanagement-side pool information 12040A and the pool information 4040Ado not have to be stored using the same data expression format even whenthe information comprised therein have the same meanings.

FIG. 22 is a diagram showing an example of management-side VL conversioninformation related to the first example.

The management-side VL conversion information 12040B comprises thefollowing information related to a virtual internal LU defined in eachstorage system 1000.

(MF 1) Storage system 1000 identifier

(MF 2) Virtual capacity of relevant virtual internal LU

(MF 3) ID of segment allocated to relevant chunk and ID of poolcomprising relevant segment

(MF 4) Segment ID of segment allocated to relevant chunk: A NULL valueis stored in this information in a case where a segment is notallocated.

(MF 5) Access measurement value for relevant chunk: The accessmeasurement value, for example, may be the number of reads or writes,read or write time, or the number of reads/writes per unit of time.

The respective meanings of the above-mentioned (MF 2) through (MF 5) arethe same as the VL conversion information 4040B explained using FIG. 11.However, the management-side VL conversion information 12040B and the VLconversion information 4040B need not have the same data structure.Similarly, the management-side VL conversion information 12040B and theVL conversion information 4040B do not have to be stored using the samedata expression format even when the information comprised therein havethe same meanings.

FIG. 23 is a diagram showing an example of management-side cell modeinformation related to the first example.

The management-side cell mode information 12090 comprises the followinginformation related to the cell mode for each segment.

(MG 1) Storage system 1000 identifier

(MG 2) Storage pool identifier

(MG 3) Identifier of segment allocated to storage pool

(MG 4) Number of cell rewrites denoting either number of cellprogramming and cell erase cycles, or number of cell erases

(MG 5) Cell mode information: At the finest granularity, the cell modecan be configured having one FM cell as the unit, and one cell modevalue may be allocated to one FM cell. However, realistically speaking,the cell mode value may be managed using one page, one erase block, oneFMD 1030, one parity group, one internal LU, or one virtual internal LUas the unit.

The respective meanings of the above-mentioned (MG 3) and (MG 4) are thesame as the cell mode information 4090 explained using FIG. 12. However,the management-side cell mode information 12090 and the cell modeinformation 4090 need not have the same data structure. Similarly, themanagement-side cell mode information 12090 and the cell modeinformation 4090 do not have to be stored using the same data expressionformat even when the information comprised therein have the samemeanings.

FIG. 51 is a diagram showing an example of AP performance requirementinformation related to the first example.

The AP performance requirement information 12100 stores informationregarding either an internal LU or a virtual internal LU allocated tothe host 1100, an application (hereinafter, may be abbreviated as AP)run on the LU, and the performance condition (for example, IOPS or aresponse time) being sought in accordance with running the application.The AP performance requirement information 12100, for example, comprisesthe following information.

(MH 1) Storage ID for identifying a storage system 1000

(MH 2) Identifier for identifying a virtual internal LU: The identifierof the internal LU may be included in the relevant location in a casewhere the host is using the internal LU.

(MH 3) Host identifier for identifying the host using the LU

(MH 4) Application information for identifying the application runningon the LU

(MH 5) IOPS denoting the performance condition being sought by runningthe application

FIG. 52 is a diagram showing an example of segment allocation trendinformation related to the first example.

The segment allocation trend information 12110 stores informationdenoting a trend (an increase inclination) with respect to the amount ofsegments allocated to a virtual internal LU per unit of time, or IOPS.The segment allocation trend information 12110, for example, comprisesthe following information.

(MI 1) Storage system 1000 identifier

(MI 2) Virtual internal LU identifier

(MI 3) Either type or cell mode of SDEV allocated to virtual internal LU

(MI 4) Unit of time for checking segment allocation amount trend: Inthis drawing, information is configured in units of one hour, but theunit of time is not particularly limited to this time period.

(MI 5) Increased segment allocation amount per unit of time

(MI 6) Average IOPS of virtual internal LU during unit of time

FIG. 53 is a diagram showing an example of tier management informationrelated to the first example.

The tier management information 12120 stores information with respect toa Tier, which is an aggregate of storage areas having identical orsimilar performance and reliability from among the storage areasbelonging to a storage pool. The tier management information 12120, forexample, comprises the following information.

(MJ 1) Storage system 1000 identifier

(MJ 2) Storage pool identifier

(MJ 3) Tier identifier

(MJ 4) Range of performance required by segment included in relevanttier: The IOPS per unit of time or the number of cumulative IOs isconfigured as this performance range. This information may be called thetier range hereinafter.

(MJ 5) Identifier of segment included in relevant tier of relevantstorage pool

(MJ 6) Type or cell mode of SDEV comprising relevant segment: The SDEVtype is configured in the case of a data migration process, which is notconscious of the cell mode. The cell mode is configured in the case of acell mode-conscious data migration process. This will be explained indetail further below.<5.2. Receipt of Management Information from Storage System>.

The storage management program 12010 receives storage system 1000information in accordance with carrying out the following processing.

The system management program 12010 receives storage system managementinformation from the storage system 1000 (Step 1). Next, the systemmanagement program 12010 either creates or updates the followinginformation on the basis of the above-mentioned storage systemmanagement information (Step 2).

(*) Management-side SDEV information 12050

(*) Management-side PG configuration information 12060

(*) Management-side internal LU configuration information 12070

(*) Management-side LU path information 12080

(*) Management-side cell mode information 12090

(*) Management-side pool information 12040A

(*) Management-side VL conversion information 12040B

(*) Segment allocation trend information 12110

The storage system management information sent by the storage system1000 is created based on the following information of the storage system1000.

(*) SDEV information 4050

(*) PG configuration information 4060

(*) Internal LU configuration information 4070

(*) LU path information 4080

(*) Cell mode information 4090

(*) Pool information 4040A

(*) VL conversion information 4040B

The storage system management information may comprise either part orall of the above-mentioned information, or the difference(s) withrespect to previously sent information, but this information need not beincluded in the storage management information using the same datastructure or data expression format.

The above-mentioned processing may be carried out in accordance with aninstruction from the administrator to the management server 1200, andpart of the information may be based on information inputted to themanagement server 1200 by the administrator without going through thehost 1100. The above-mentioned processing may be carried out repeatedly.

The segment allocation trend information 12110 is per-unit-of-timeinformation, and as such, the value of the segment allocation trendinformation 12110 is configured in accordance with the system managementprogram 12010 repeatedly receiving the storage system managementinformation from the storage system 1000 for each unit of time.

As for the AP performance requirement information 12100, the systemmanagement program 12010 acquires the application information from thehost management program 4014 of the host 1100. The storage managementinformation is created based on the following information of the storagesystem 1000.

(*) SDEV information 4050

(*) Internal LU configuration information 4070

(*) LU path information 4080

The user (administrator) configures a performance requirement valuebeforehand using a GUI or the like. Or, the application configures adefault value.

<5.3 Tier Definition Steps>.

The method for configuring the tier management information 12120 of themanagement server 1200 will be explained.

The tier management information 12120 is created at storage poolcreation time. The system management program 12010 may dynamicallydecide the tier identifier and tier range of the tier managementinformation 12120, or the user may configure this information when thestorage pool is created.

FIG. 33 is a flowchart of an example of a process for configuring tierinformation related to the first example. The processing shown in thisdrawing is a user-specified flowchart.

The system management program 12010, upon receiving from the userstorage pool creation input comprising either part or all of theinformation of (Parameter 1) through (Parameter 4) given as examplesbelow (Step 33001), updates the management-side pool information 12040Aand the tier management information 12120 based on the informationassociated with the relevant input.

(Parameter 1) Storage pool identifier

(Parameter 2) Internal LU ID (one or more are specified)

(Parameter 3) Tier identifier denoting the tier of each internal LU (oneor more are specified in accordance with Parameter 2)

(Parameter 4) Tier range for each tier identifier

Next, the system management program 12010 sends a storage pooldefinition request comprising the information of Parameter 1 andParameter 2 to the storage system 1000 (Step 33002).

In accordance with this, the configuration control program 4030 of thestorage system 1000 executes storage pool creation/upgrading processing(refer to FIG. 29) (Step 33003).

Next, the system management program 12010 adds the created storage poolinformation to the management-side pool information 12040A (Step 33004),upgrades the tier management information 12120 based on the createdstorage pool information and the information of Parameter 3 andParameter 4 (Step 33005), and ends the processing.

<5.4 Display of Storage System Management Information Comprising CellMode>.

Next, the displaying of the management information of the managementserver 1200 will be explained together with a process for computingdisplay content. The displaying of the respective management informationis carried out on the basis of the following information of themanagement server 1200.

(*) Management-side SDEV information 12050

(*) Management-side PG configuration information 12060

(*) Management-side internal LU configuration information 12070

(*) Management-side LU path information 12080

(*) Management-side cell mode information 12090

(*) Management-side pool information 12040A

(*) Management-side VL conversion information 12040B

(*) AP performance requirement information 12100

(*) Segment allocation trend information 12110

(*) Tier management information 12120

In the following explanation, the above-mentioned information, which ismanaged by the management server 1200, may be collectively called systemmanagement information. This system management information does notnecessarily include all of the above-mentioned information. For example,this is because the present invention can also be operated without usingthe AP performance requirement information 12100 and the segmentallocation trend information 12110, and because there may be cases inwhich the cell mode is configured without taking the host LU andapplication into account, in which case not all of the above-mentionedinformation is needed in the example.

FIG. 41 is a diagram showing an example of a GUI, which shows detailedinformation related to a storage pool related to the first example. Thedrawing is an example of a screen for displaying information related toa storage pool 1080 of the storage system 1000 using input/outputdevice.

A display screen 41000 comprises any one or all of five panes, namely, afirst pane 41001, a second pane 41002, a third pane 41003, a fourth pane41004, and a fifth pane 41005, information such as that shown below isdisplayed in the respective panes, and the panes support input from theinput/output device.

(First Pane 41001) The first pane 41001 displays a display object, whichsignifies a storage system 1000 managed by the management server 1200, astorage pool of the storage system 1000, and a component (for example, atier) related to the storage pool. The display object in FIG. 41 isindicated by an icon and/or a character string, but may also be anotherimage or sound. In addition, the first pane 41001 displays thesuperordinate relationships, coordinate relationships, or subordinaterelationships between the display objects. In the following explanation,a display object specified using the first pane may be called a firstpane-specified display object.(Second Pane 41002) The second pane 41002 displays storage pool 1080management information corresponding to the first pane-specified displayobject. In FIG. 41, a tier identifier, a tier capacity, a tier freecapacity, a free capacity of the tier free capacity accounted for by LSBOnly mode, a free capacity of the tier free capacity accounted for byLSB/MSB mode, and a free capacity of the tier free capacity accountedfor by HDD mode are displayed as the management information of thestorage pool 1080, but the present invention is not limited to this. Thetier free capacity is the actual capacity of a segment (s) not allocatedto the virtual internal LU from among the total capacity of the internalLU(s) allocated to the tier.

As shown in the drawing, the in-pool free capacity for each cell mode isalso displayed in the second pane. The second pane also displays thecorresponding relationship between each tier and the cell mode.

(Third Pane 41003) The third pane 41003 displays segment allocatedcapacities of the storage pool 1080 corresponding to the firstpane-specified display object at fixed times using a graph for eachstorage pool tier. In FIG. 41, all tier information is displayed in onepane, but, for example, in a case where the input/output devicecomprises a pointing device (for example, a mouse, a touchpad, a touchscreen, or a pen tablet), the configuration may be such that when acertain tier is selected in the management information of the secondpane 41002, the third pane 41003 displays only the information of theselected tier. Furthermore, the third pane 41003 does not always have todisplay the information using a graph, and, for example, may display thecapacity of each tier at each unit of time using a table format.(Fourth Pane 41004) The fourth pane 41004 displays either the LSB Onlyor the LSB/MSB cell mode ratio for the storage pool 1080 correspondingto the specified display object in a case where the component SDEV is aFMD 1030. The fourth pane 41004 also displays checkboxes for selectingwhether this cell mode ratio is to be configured manually by the user orautomatically by the management system. In FIG. 41, a checkbox labeled“user specified” is the checkbox, which makes it possible for the userto configure the cell mode ratio manually. Placing a check in thischeckbox makes it possible to move a slider in the fourth pane 41004 ofFIG. 41, enabling the user to issue a cell mode ratio change instructionby clicking a change cell mode ratio button. In a case where a checkboxlabeled “Auto” in FIG. 41 has been checked, the management systemcarries out cell mode-conscious storage area tier management, which willbe explained further below using <5.6>.

These checks are not limited to checkboxes, and, for example, checks canbe placed in radio buttons and other icons. Also the changing of thecell mode ratio is not limited to a slider, and, for example, a LSB Onlyratio may be inputted to a textbox using a direct value. A cell modechange request may also be sent using the movement of the slider alonewithout pressing the change cell mode ratio button.

(Fifth Pane 41005) The fifth pane 41005 displays management informationfor a virtual internal LU created from the relevant storage pool 1080for the storage pool 1080 corresponding to the first pane-specifieddisplay object. In the screen display of FIG. 41, the following contentsare displayed as the management information for the virtual internal LUdefined in the storage pool 1080.(*) Virtual internal LU identifier(*) Virtual internal LU capacity(*) Virtual internal LU free capacity (of the virtual internal LUcapacity, the capacity of a segment (s) not actually allocated to thevirtual internal LU)(*) Actual IOPS of virtual internal LU, value of IOPS required byapplication running on relevant LU, and the ratio thereof(*) Percentage of LSB Only cell mode segments allocated to virtualinternal LU(*) Percentage of LSB/MSB cell mode segments allocated to virtualinternal LU(*) Percentage of HDD cell mode segments allocated to virtual internalLU

However, not all of the above-mentioned information needs to bedisplayed, and, alternatively, additional information may be displayed.A case in which the ratio of actual IOPS to the requested IOPS is wellover 1 is not a problem since performance equal to or greater thanrequired is being achieved, but in a case in which this ratio is near to1 or smaller than 1, the required performance is either not being met oris in danger of not being met, and as such, for example, it is possibleto make a determination to try to enhance performance by increasing theLSB Only cell mode.

The examples of FIG. 41 or FIGS. 42 and 43 and FIG. 46 through FIG. 50,which will be explained further below, assume a GUI, but console outputusing a command line interface (CLI) is also possible.

FIG. 42 is a diagram showing an example of a GUI, which shows detailedinformation related to a tier related to the first example. This drawingis an example of a screen via which the management server 1200 displaystier information related to a storage pool 1080 of the storage system1000 using the input/output device. The virtual internal LU will beexpressed as “Vol” in the subsequent drawings.

A display screen 42000 comprises any one or all of five panes, namely, afirst pane 42001, a second pane 42002, a third pane 42003, a fourth pane42004, and a fifth pane 42005, information such as that shown below isdisplayed in the respective panes, and the panes support input from theinput/output device.

(First Pane 42001) Similar to the first pane 41001 of FIG. 41, the firstpane 42001 displays a display object signifying a storage system 1000managed by the management server 1200, a storage pool of the storagesystem 1000, and a component (for example, a tier) related to thestorage pool. In FIG. 42, a tier is displayed as being subordinate tothe pool.(Second Pane 42002) The second pane 42002 displays the managementinformation of a tier corresponding to the first pane-specified displayobject. In FIG. 42, the following information is displayed as the tiermanagement information.(*) Total capacity(*) Free capacity (Of the total capacity of the internal LU allocated tothe tier, the capacity of a segment (s) not actually allocated to thevirtual internal LU)(*) Percentage of segment-allocated capacity accounted for by LSB Onlymode(*) Percentage of segment-allocated capacity accounted for by LSB/MSBmode(*) Percentage of segment-allocated capacity accounted for by HDD mode(*) LSB Only-mode free capacity of tier free capacity(*) LSB/MSB-mode free capacity of tier free capacity(*) HDD-mode free capacity of tier free capacity

However, not all of the above-mentioned information needs to bedisplayed, and, alternatively, additional information may be displayed.

(Third Pane 42003) The third pane 42003 displays the segment-allocatedcapacity of a tier corresponding to the first pane-specified displayobject using a time-series graph. Furthermore, the third pane 42003 doesnot always have to display the information using a graph, and, forexample, may display the allocated segment capacity at each unit of timeusing a table format.(Fourth Pane 42004) The first pane-specified display object is a tier ofthe storage pool 1080, and the fourth pane 42004 displays the ratio ofeither the LSB Only cell mode or the LSB/MSB cell mode in a case wherethe SDEV comprising the tier is the FMD 1030. The fourth pane 42004 alsodisplays checkboxes for selecting whether this cell mode ratio is to beconfigured manually by the user or automatically by the storagemanagement system. The functions of the checkboxes are the same as thoseof the fourth pane 41004 of FIG. 41, and the checkboxes are used forcontrolling a cell mode change in units of tiers from the relevant GUI.(Fifth Pane 42005) The fifth pane 42005 displays information regardingan internal LU comprising the tier corresponding to the firstpane-specified display object. As the information regarding the internalLU comprising the tier in FIG. 42, an internal LU identifier, aninternal LU capacity, a SDEV type, a LSB Only mode percentage in a casewhere the SDEV is the FMD, and a LSB/MSB mode percentage in a case wherethe SDEV is the FMD are displayed as the management information.However, not all of the above-mentioned information needs to bedisplayed, and, alternatively, additional information may be displayed.Furthermore, the element comprising the tier need not be limited to theinternal LU, and, for example, a Parity Group or the SDEV itself may beused. In accordance with this, the items mentioned above with respect tothese elements are displayed as the management information.

FIG. 43 is a diagram showing an example of a GUI, which shows detailedinformation related to a virtual internal LU related to the firstexample. This drawing is an example of a screen via which the managementserver 1200 displays the management information of a virtual internal LUcreated from a storage pool 1080 of the storage system 1000.

A display screen 43000 comprises any one or all of four panes, namely, afirst pane 43001, a second pane 43002, a third pane 43003, and a fourthpane 43004, information such as that shown below is displayed in therespective panes, and the panes support input from the input/outputdevice.

(First Pane 43001) Similar to the first pane 41001 of FIG. 41, the firstpane 43001 displays a display object signifying a storage system 1000managed by the management server 1200, a storage pool of the storagesystem 1000, and a component (for example, a tier) related to thestorage pool. In FIG. 43, a virtual internal LU is displayed as beingsubordinate to the pool. The number of virtual internal LUs may exceedseveral tens of thousands. Not all of these virtual internal LUs need tobe displayed at once in the first pane 43001 at this time; the firstpane 43001 may display the display objects in units of either hundredsor thousands. The virtual internal LU display objects may be displayedone at a time as subordinate elements in accordance with clicking onthis aggregate of display objects.(Second Pane 43002) The second pane 43002 displays managementinformation for a virtual internal LU corresponding to the firstpane-specified display object. In FIG. 43, the following information isdisplayed as the virtual internal LU management information.(*) Virtual capacity(*) Free capacity (capacity for which segment not allocated to virtualinternal LU)(*) Host WWN(*) LUN(*) Access measurement value such as storage system-measured IOPS andthe like(*) Application running on virtual internal LU(*) IOPS required by relevant application(*) Percentage of segment-allocated capacity accounted for by LSB Onlymode(*) Percentage of segment-allocated capacity accounted for by LSB/MSBmode(*) Percentage of segment-allocated capacity accounted for by HDD mode

However, not all of the above-mentioned information needs to bedisplayed, and, alternatively, additional information may be displayed.This is a case, for example, in which the host WWN, the applicationrunning on the relevant virtual internal LU, and the IOPS required bythe relevant application are not displayed by the management server1200.

(Third Pane 43003) The third pane 43003 displays the segment-allocatedcapacity and the IOPS of the virtual internal LU corresponding to thefirst pane-specified display object using a time-series graph.Furthermore, the third pane 43003 does not always have to display theinformation using a graph, and, for example, may display the allocatedsegment capacity at each unit of time using a table format. A percentageof virtual capacity may be displayed in the pane instead of thepercentage of allocated capacity.(Fourth Pane 43004) The fourth pane 43004 is for controlling the cellmode of a segment allocated to a virtual internal LU using the virtualinternal LU corresponding to the first pane-specified display object asthe target. The functions are the same as those of the fourth pane 41004of FIG. 41.

FIG. 46 is a diagram showing an example of a GUI, which shows detailedinformation related to a parity group related to the first example. Thisdrawing is an example of a screen via which the management server 1200displays the management information of the parity group 1060 of thestorage system 1000 using the input/output device.

A display screen 46000 comprises either any one or all of four panes,namely, a first pane 46001, a second pane 46002, a third pane 46003, anda fourth pane 46004, information such as that shown below is displayedin the respective panes, and the panes support input from theinput/output device.

(First Pane 46001) The first pane 46001 displays a display object, whichsignifies a storage system 1000 managed by the management server 1200, aparity group of the storage system 1000, and a component (for example, aSDEV or internal LU) related to the parity group. In FIG. 46, the firstpane 46001 displays an internal LU as being subordinate to the paritygroup. The number of virtual internal LUs may exceed several tens ofthousands. Not all of these virtual internal LUs need to be displayedall at once in the first pane 46001 at this time; the first pane 46001may display the display objects in units of either hundreds orthousands. The virtual internal LU display objects may be displayed oneat a time as subordinate elements in accordance with clicking on thisaggregate of display objects.(Second Pane 46002) The second pane 46002 displays detailed informationof the parity group corresponding to the first pane-specified displayobject. In FIG. 46, the second pane 46002 displays a total capacity, anunused capacity (the capacity not used in internal LU creation), a RAIDlevel, the ID of the SDEV used to create the parity group, the LSB Onlymode percentage, and the LSB/MSB mode percentage as the parity groupmanagement information, but the present invention is not limited tothis.(Third Pane 46003) The third pane 46003 displays the used capacity ofthe parity group corresponding to the first pane-specified displayobject using a time-series graph. Furthermore, the third pane 46003 doesnot always have to display the information using a graph, and, forexample, may display the allocated segment capacity at each unit of timeusing a table format.(Fourth Pane 46004) The fourth pane 46004 is for controlling the cellmode using the parity group corresponding to the first pane-specifieddisplay object as the target. The functions are the same as those of thefourth pane 41004 of FIG. 41.

The preceding are displays related to the parity group, but as in FIG.43, any one or more of the application-required IOPS, the LSB Onlypercentage, and the LSB/MSB percentage may be displayed.

FIG. 47 is a diagram showing an example of a GUI, which shows detailedinformation related to an internal LU related to the first example. Thedrawing is an example of a screen via which the management server 1200displays the management information of the internal LU 1070 of thestorage system 1000 using the input/output device. The “Vol” in thisdrawing is the internal LU. However, this display may be applied toeither an internal LU included in the storage pool, or in a case inwhich an internal LU is provided to the host without going through avirtual internal LU.

A display screen 47000 comprises either any one or all of four panes,namely, a first pane 47001, a second pane 47002, a third pane 47003, anda fourth pane 47004, information such as that shown below is displayedin the respective panes, and the panes support input from theinput/output device.

(First Pane 47001) The same as the first pane 46001 of FIG. 46, thefirst pane 47001 displays a display object, which signifies a storagesystem 1000 managed by the management server 1200, an internal LU of thestorage system 1000, and a component related to the internal LU.(Second Pane 47002) The second pane 47002 displays detailed informationof the internal LU corresponding to the first pane-specified displayobject. In FIG. 47, the second pane 47002 displays a total capacity, anunused capacity, an internal LU creation-source parity group, a hostWWN, a LUN, an IOPS, an application running on the relevant virtualinternal LU, the IOPS required by the relevant application, a LSB Onlymode percentage, and a LSB/MSB mode percentage as the internal LUmanagement information. However, not all of the above-mentionedinformation needs to be displayed, and, alternatively, additionalinformation may be displayed.(Third Pane 47003) The third pane 47003 displays the used capacity andIOPS with respect to the internal LU corresponding to the firstpane-specified display object using a time-series graph. Furthermore,the third pane 47003 does not always have to display the informationusing a graph, and, for example, may display the allocated segmentcapacity at each unit of time using a table format.(Fourth Pane 47004) The fourth pane 47004 is for controlling the cellmode in units of internal LUs with respect to the internal LUcorresponding to the first pane-specified display object as the target.The functions are the same as those of the fourth pane 41004 of FIG. 41.

FIG. 48 is a diagram showing an example of a GUI, which shows detailedinformation related to a FMD related to the first example. The drawingis an example of a screen via which the management server 1200 displaysthe management information of the FMD 1030 of the storage system 1000using the input/output device.

A display screen 48000 comprises either any one or all of three panes,namely, a first pane 48001, a second pane 48002, and a third pane 48003,information such as that shown below is displayed in the respectivepanes, and the panes support input from the input/output device.

(First Pane 48001) The same as the first pane 46001 of FIG. 46, thefirst pane 48001 displays a display object, which signifies a storagesystem 1000 managed by the management server 1200, a FMD 1030 of thestorage system 1000, and a component related to the FMD 1030. In FIG.48, the first pane 48001 displays the FMD 1030 as being subordinate tothe parity group.(Second Pane 48002) The second pane 48002 displays detailed informationof the FMD corresponding to the first pane-specified display object. InFIG. 48, the second pane 48002 displays a total capacity, an identifierof the parity group in use, an identifier of another FMD being used inthe parity group in use, a LSB Only mode percentage, and a LSB/MSB modepercentage as the FMD 1030 management information. However, not all ofthis information needs to be displayed, and, alternatively, additionalinformation may be displayed.(Third Pane 48003) The third pane 48003 is for controlling the cell modein units of FMDs with respect to the FMD corresponding to the displayobject specified from the input/output device using the first pane48001. The functions are the same as those of the fourth pane 41004 ofFIG. 41, but the third pane 48003 includes a checkbox, which enables thecell mode to be changed simultaneously for another FMD 1030 belonging tothe same parity group.

The preceding has been an explanation of the screen displays of thisexample. The screen display does not have to use panes, and the firstpane need not be displayed in a case where the components (as describedhereinabove, the SDEV, the parity group, the internal LU, the storagepool, and the virtual internal LU) inside the storage system for whichmanagement information should be displayed are able to receive inputfrom the administrator. As for the cell mode-related setup, input may bereceived in accordance with a ratio as described hereinabove, but evensimpler, the target component cell mode itself may be selected by theadministrator and the result of this selection may be received as theinput. In accordance with this, the management server processing is thesame as a case in with the cell mode ratio is received as either 0% or100%.

<5.5 Storage Area Tier Management in Units of Segments>.

The management of storage area tiers in units of segments will beexplained.

FIG. 34 is a diagram showing an overview of segment-unit tier managementrelated to the first example.

The storage pool POOL 1 has three tiers. In the drawing, the three tiersin the storage pool POOL 1 are a SSD tier, a FC tier, and a SATA tier,and the characteristic features thereof are that the SSD tier is thefastest, the FC tier is the next fastest, and the SATA tier is theslowest.

A segment is allocated from each tier of the storage pool POOL 1 to avirtual internal LU as a real storage area. The storage system, and, asneeded, the management server references the access measurement value ofeach chunk in each of a certain fixed time period, and allocates asegment, which is suitable to the utilization status of the virtualinternal LU by reallocating a chunk with a large measurement value to asegment of the high-performance Tier and reallocating a chunk with anot-so-large measurement value to a segment of a low-performance Tier.This is called segment-unit storage area tier management.

FIG. 35 is a flowchart of an example of a process related to the firstexample for determining a target to be migrated in units of segments.

The system management program 12010 selects a virtual internal LU withthe lowest LU identifier in the management-target storage system 1000(Step 35001), and selects a chunk with the lowest chunk ID in thevirtual internal LU (Step 35002).

Next, the system management program 12010 uses the management-side VLconversion information 12040B to determine whether or not the segmentallocated to the chunk in the process of being selected is appropriate(in other words, whether or not the chunk should be migrated to adifferent segment) (Step 35003). Specifically, this step determines thesegment, which is allocated to the chunk in the process of beingselected, and checks whether or not the chunk access measurement valueis included in the tier range conditions (stored in the tier managementinformation 12120) of the determined segment. When the result is thatthe tier range condition has been met (NO in Step 35003), the systemmanagement program 12010 advances the processing to Step 35005.

Alternatively, in a case where the tier range condition is not met and adata migration is required (YES in Step 35003), the system managementprogram 12010 checks for a tier range including the access measurementvalue of the relevant chunk, and sends a data migration request to thestorage system 1000 so that the data will be migrated to this tier (Step35004). The migration-destination segment specified in the datamigration request is identified by using the management-side VLconversion information 12040B, the management-side cell mode information12090, and the management-side PG configuration information 12060 (RAIDlevel and so forth) to retrieve a segment, which has a cell mode (SDEVinformation) that satisfies the tier range, and, in addition, isunallocated. The ID of the relevant chunk is specified in the datamigration request.

In accordance with this, the configuration control program 4030 executesa data migration process (FIG. 19) and returns a response to the systemmanagement program 12010. The system management program 12010, upon thereturn of the response, updates the tier information and the SDEVinformation in the tier management information 12120.

Next, the system management program 12010 checks whether or not a checkhas been carried out with respect to all the chunk IDs of a singlevirtual internal LU (Step 35005). When the result is that all of thechunk IDs have not been checked (NO in Step 35005), the systemmanagement program 12010 selects the next number chunk ID (Step 35006),and moves the processing to Step 35003.

Alternatively, in a case where all the chunk IDs have been checked (YESin Step 35005), the system management program 12010 checks to make surethat a check has been carried out with respect to all the virtualinternal LUs in a single storage system 1000 (Step 35007). When theresult is that all the virtual internal LUs have not been checked (NO inStep 35007), the system management program 12010 selects the nextvirtual internal LU (Step 35008) and moves the processing to Step 35002.

Alternatively, in a case where all the virtual internal LUs have beenchecked (YES in Step 35007), the system management program 12010 endsthe processing.

In a case where the ID of the migration-destination segment is unable tobe specified directly in the data migration request, themigration-destination segment may be specified indirectly using anotherspecification method. A condition for retrieving themigration-destination segment may be included in the relevant requestand sent to this storage system 1000. In accordance with this, thestorage controller retrieves the migration-destination segment on thebasis of the relevant condition. The system management program 12010 maycollectively send data migration requests to multiple chunks.

<5.6. Segment-Unit Storage Area Tier Management (Takes Cell Mode Changeinto Account)>.

Tier management, which takes into account the cell mode in an operationthat uses the virtual internal LU, will be explained.

FIG. 36 is a diagram showing an overview of segment-unit tiermanagement, which takes the cell mode into account, related to the firstexample.

In a case where the cell mode can be changed, not only is a conventionaldata copy between tiers possible, but it is also possible to changetiers in accordance with changing the cell mode (changing LSB Only andLSB/MSB) of the segment itself. Consequently, in a case where tiermanagement is carried out taking a cell mode change into account, a datacopy is not necessarily generated. However, since the capacity capableof being used in accordance with a cell mode change and the number ofcell rewrites will increase and decrease, and tier management is carriedout by being conscious not only of a conventional tier range(performance information), but also of the capacity and the number ofcell rewrites.

FIG. 37 is a flowchart of an example of a cell mode change amountdetermination process related to the first example. FIGS. 38 and 39 areflowcharts of an example of a process for changing a cell mode relatedto the first example from the LSB/MSB mode to the LSB Only mode. FIG. 40is a flowchart of an example of a process for changing a cell moderelated to the first example from the LSB Only mode to the LSB/MSB mode.In general, according to the processing of FIG. 37, a determination ismade as to the quantity of segments for which the cell mode of thecorresponding FMD 1030 should be changed. In a case where the result ofthis determination is that LSB Only-mode segments should be increased,the segments to be changed to the LSB Only mode are specificallydetermined in accordance with FIGS. 38 and 39, and a determination ismade that a data migration should be carried out in accordancetherewith. In a case where the result of this determination is thatLSB/MSB-mode segments should be increased, the segments to be changed tothe LSB/MSB mode are specifically determined in accordance with FIG. 40,and a determination is made that a data migration should be carried outin accordance therewith.

In these flowcharts, tier range information is not used as theperformance requirement, and instead, the performance requirementsrequired by the application are used, but the present invention is notparticularly limited to this. Tier range information may be used, andother requirements may be used.

The respective processes denoted by these FIGS. 37 through 40 areexecuted regularly (or repeatedly) by the system management program12010. The execution period may be configured by the user, or may bedecided automatically by the system management program 12010.

<5.6.1 Cell Mode Change Determination>.

FIG. 37 will be explained below. In the following processing flow, bydetermining a suitable cell mode in units of virtual internal LUs andconsolidating the results, a determination is made regarding thequantity of segments serving as a storage pool for which the cell modeof the corresponding FMD 1030 should be changed. However, thedetermination may be made using a unit, which is smaller than a virtualinternal LU, and the determination may be made using a unit, which islarger than a virtual internal LU.

The system management program 12010 selects a virtual internal LU withthe lowest LU identifier with respect to a certain storage pool in themanagement-target storage system 1000 (Step 37001).

Next, the system management program 12010 determines the level ofincrease in segment usage by checking the segment capacity utilizationtrend information 12110, checking the rate of increase of segmentallocation to the virtual internal LU, and checking whether or not anytier will become depleted after a fixed period of time as a result ofthe allocation of segments to this virtual internal LU (Step 37002).This fixed period of time may be the period during which the relevantprocessing is being carried out, or another criterion may be used. Also,rather than determining whether or not depletion will occur, adetermination may be made that the segment usage increase is high in acase where this usage exceeds a certain fixed rate of increase.

In a case where it has been determined that the segment usage increaseis high (YES in Step 37002), the system management program 12010advances the processing to Step 37003, and in a case it has beendetermined that the segment usage increase is not high (NO in Step37002), the system management program 12010 advances the processing toStep 37004.

In Step 37003, the system management program 12010 uses the segmentcapacity utilization trend information 12110 to check the average IOPSof the virtual internal LU, and to check whether or not this IOPSsatisfies the performance requirement of the AP performance requirementinformation 12100.

When the result is that the IOPS satisfies the performance requirement(YES in Step 37003), the average IOPS for the relevant virtual internalLU is larger than the required value, the rate of capacity increase ishigh, and there is the danger that the tier will become depleted in thefuture, and as such, the system management program 12010 determines thatthere is excessive performance and inadequate capacity (Step 37005), andadvances the processing to Step 37009.

Alternatively, in a case where the IOPS do not satisfy the performancerequirement (NO in Step 37003), the average IOPS for the relevantvirtual internal LU is smaller than the required value, the rate ofcapacity increase is high, and there is the danger that the tier willbecome depleted in the future, and as such, the system managementprogram 12010 determines that there is inadequate performance andinadequate capacity (Step 37006), and advances the processing to Step37011.

In Step 37009, in order to determine whether or not the cell mode can bechanged for the relevant virtual internal LU, the system managementprogram 12010 uses the management-side cell mode information 12090 andthe management-side VL conversion information 12040B to compare thenumber of cell rewrites of the cell corresponding to the segmentallocated to the virtual internal LU to a prescribed threshold (Step37009). The prescribed threshold is considered to be the upper limit inthe catalog specification at MSB rewrite, but may also be another value.The catalog specification at this time may be the value used as the MLC.However, the prescribed threshold may also be another (for example, theSLC) catalog specification value. The prescribed threshold may also bean upper-limit value configured by the user.

In a case where the number of cell rewrites does not exceed an upperlimit (YES in Step 37009), system management program 12010 determinesthat the LSB/MSB-mode cells should be increased with respect to therelevant virtual internal LU (Step 37010). Then this program acquiresthe total capacity of the LSB Only cell mode segments from among thesegments allocated to the relevant virtual internal LU, subtracts thistotal capacity from the LSB Only capacity to be changed (namedCAP_LSBOnly) (Step 37014), and advances the processing to Step 37016.

Alternatively, in a case where the number of cell rewrites exceeds theupper limit (NO in Step 37009), the system management program 12010advances the processing to Step 37011.

In Step 37011, the system management program 12010 determines that acell mode change alone will not be able to solve the problem of therelevant volume (inadequate performance, inadequate capacity) and issuesa warning to the user with respect to the relevant virtual internal LU.The system management program 12010 may display the warning to the user,as well as separate solutions, such as solving for the inadequatecapacity by migrating a temporary page to the HDD without changing thecell mode, and solving for the inadequate performance and inadequatecapacity by adding a FMD. Thereafter, the system management program12010 advances the processing to Step 37016.

Meanwhile, in Step 37004, the system management program 12010 uses thesegment capacity utilization trend information 12110 to check theaverage IOPS of a virtual internal LU, and checks whether or not thisIOPS satisfies the performance requirement of the AP performancerequirement information 12100.

When the result is that the IOPS satisfies the performance requirement(YES in Step 37004), the average IOPS for the relevant virtual internalLU is larger than the required value, the rate of capacity increase islow, and there is no danger that the tier will become depleted in thefuture, and as such, the system management program 12010 determines thatthere is excessive performance and, in addition, excessive capacity(Step 37007), determines that there is no particular need for a cellmode change with respect to the relevant virtual internal LU (Step37012), and advances the processing to Step 37016.

Alternatively, in a case where the IOPS does not satisfy the performancerequirement (NO in Step 37004), the average IOPS for the relevantvirtual internal LU is smaller than the required value, the rate ofcapacity increase is low, and there is no danger that the tier willbecome depleted in the future, and as such, the system managementprogram 12010 determines that there is inadequate performance and, inaddition, excessive capacity (Step 37008), and determines that the LSBOnly area should be increased with respect to the relevant virtualinternal LU (Step 37013).

Next, the system management program 12010 acquires the total capacity ofthe LSB Only cell mode segments of the segments allocated to therelevant virtual internal LU, adds this total capacity to the LSB Onlycapacity (CAP_LSBOnly) to be changed (Step 37015), and advances theprocessing to Step 37016.

In Step 37016, the system management program 12010 checks whether or notchecks have been carried out for all the virtual internal LUs belongingto the storage pool. When the result is that checks have not beencarried out for all of the virtual internal LUs (NO in Step 37016), thesystem management program 12010 executes the processing from Step 37002with respect to the next number virtual internal LU. Alternatively, whenchecks have been carried out for all of the virtual internal LUs (YES inStep 37016), the system management program 12010 determines that onlythe LSB Only mode cells having the value of the LSB Only capacity to bechanged (CAP_LSBOnly) will be increased (Step 37017), and ends theprocessing. In a case where the CAP_LSBOnly is a negative value, thesystem management program 12010 determines the LSB/MSB-mode cells willbe increased in proportion to this capacity.

The preceding is an explanation of the cell mode change amountdetermination process. In a case where the application is low load, andneither a read nor write request of equal to or greater than therequired performance is sent, a determination is made that theperformance is inadequate for the virtual internal LU. As acountermeasure for this, a load status, such as the application load, abacklog status, or a waiting-to-send status of the relevant request, ismeasured, and in a case where it is determined to be the above-mentionedlow load, the low load-determined target may be removed as a target ofthis processing. Also, either an average response time or a maximumresponse time may be used instead of the IOPS. Another method may beused to avoid making a determination that performance is inadequate whenthe application itself is low load.

<5.6.2. Change-Target Cell Retrieval/Conversion Process>.

FIGS. 38, 39 and 40 are flowcharts of an example of a change-target cellretrieval and conversion process executed in a case where the cell modechange amount has been determined. FIGS. 38 and 39 are flowcharts of anexample of the processing subsequent to a determination having been madein the processing of FIG. 37 to increase the LSB Only-mode cells. In acase where the cell mode is changed from the LSB/MSB mode to the LSBOnly mode, the data stored in the MSB is lost, and as such, a datamigration must be carried out in a case where data is stored in the MSB.Consequently, in the processing shown in FIGS. 38 and 39, the cell modeis changed from the LSB/MSB mode to the LSB Only mode after determiningwhether the change may be carried out without performing a migration atcell mode change time, whether to carry out a migration, and in the caseof a migration, where the data is to be migrated from and to. Thisprocess will be explained in detail below.

As shown in FIG. 38, the system management program 12010 uses themanagement-side pool information 12040A to select a segment with thelowest number from the corresponding storage pool (Step 38001).

Next, the system management program 12010 uses the management-side cellmode information 12090 to check the cell mode of the correspondingsegment (Step 38002), and in a case where the cell mode is LSB/MSB (YESin Step 38002), advances the processing to Step 38003, and,alternatively, in a case where the cell mode is other than LSB/MSB (NOin Step 38002), advances the processing to Step 38004.

In Step 38003, the system management program 12010 uses themanagement-side pool information 12040A to determine whether thecorresponding segment comprises the MSB of the FMD 1030. In a case wherethe segment comprises MSB (that is, it is a MSB segment) (YES), thesystem management program 12010 proceeds to Step 38007, and,alternatively, in a case where the segment comprises LSB (that is, it isa LSB segment) (NO), the system management program 12010 proceeds toStep 38006.

In Step 38006, the system management program 12010 uses themanagement-side pool information 12040A to check the allocation statusof the relevant segment. When the segment is allocated (YES in Step38006), the system management program 12010 uses the management-sidepool information 12040A to check the allocation status of the MSBsegment corresponding to the relevant LSB segment (Step 38008).

When the result is that the segment is not allocated (NO in Step 38008),the system management program 12010 uses the management-side cell modeinformation 12090, stores the number of cell rewrites of the relevantsegment, makes the relevant segment a candidate for a LSB Onlyconversion (Step 38011), and advances the processing to Step 38016.Alternatively, in a case where the segment is allocated (YES in Step38008), the system management program 12010 uses the management-sidecell mode information 12090, stores the number of cell rewrites of therelevant segment, makes the relevant segment a migration-sourcecandidate when there are few LSB Only conversion candidates (Step38012), and advances the processing to Step 38016.

Alternatively, in a case where the relevant LSB segment is not allocated(NO in Step 38006), the system management program 12010 uses themanagement-side pool information 12040A to check the allocation statusof the MSB segment corresponding to the relevant LSB segment (Step38009).

When the result is that the checked MSB segment is not allocated (NO inStep 38009), the system management program 12010 uses themanagement-side cell mode information 12090, stores the number of cellrewrites of the relevant segment, makes the relevant segment a LSB Onlyconversion candidate (Step 38011), and advances the processing to Step38016. Alternatively, in a case where the checked MSB segment isallocated (YES in Step 38009), the system management program 12010 usesthe management-side cell mode information 12090, stores the number ofcell rewrites of the relevant segment, sends a data migration request tothe storage system. 1000 such that the content of the MSB are subjectedto data migration when the segment itself is LSB, and upon completion ofthe data migration process (FIG. 19) by the configuration controlprogram 4030, makes the LSB-side page an LSB Only candidate (Step38013), and advances the processing to Step 38016. The data migrationrequest at this time specifies the segment selected in either Step 38001or Step 38016 as the migration-source. However, the ID of the chunk towhich the migration-source segment is allocated may be checked, and therelevant chunk ID may be specified in the data migration request.Furthermore, for example, the migration-destination segment at this timemay be an unallocated LSB segment.

Alternatively, in a case where the segment selected in either Step 38001or Step 38016 is a MSB segment (Step 38003), the system managementprogram 12010 uses the management-side pool information 12040A to checkthe allocation status of the relevant segment (Step 38007). When theresult is that the segment is allocated (YES in Step 38007), the systemmanagement program 12010 uses the management-side pool information12040A to check the allocation status of the LSB segment correspondingto the relevant MSB segment (Step 38010).

When the result is that the segment is allocated (YES in Step 38010),the system management program 12010 uses the management-side cell modeinformation 12090, stores the number of cell rewrites of the relevantsegment, makes the relevant segment a migration-source candidate whenthere are few LSB Only conversion candidates (Step 38012), and advancesthe processing to Step 38016. Alternatively, in a case where the segmentis not allocated (NO in Step 38010), the system management program 12010processes Step 30813, which has already been explained, and advances theprocessing to Step 38016.

Alternatively, in a case where the segment selected in either Step 38001or Step 38016 is an MSB segment but is not allocated (NO in Step 38007),the system management program 12010 stores the number of cell rewritesof the LSB segment corresponding to the relevant MSB segment, makes thissegment an LSB Only candidate (Step 38014), and advances the processingto Step 38016.

In the meantime, in Step 38004, the system management program 12010 usesthe management-side cell mode information 12090 to check the cell modeof the relevant segment, and in a case where the cell mode is HDDinstead of LSB Only (NO in Step 38004), ends the processing, and,alternatively, in a case where the cell mode is the LSB Only mode (YESin Step 38004), advances the processing to Step 38005.

In Step 38005, the system management program 12010 uses themanagement-side pool information 12040A to check the allocation statusof the relevant segment. When the result is that the segment isallocated (YES in Step 38005), the system management program 12010advances the processing to Step 38016.

Alternatively, when the segment is not allocated (NO in Step 38005), thesystem management program 12010 uses the management-side cell modeinformation 12090, stores the number of cell rewrites of the relevantsegment, makes the relevant segment a migration-destination candidatewhen there are few LSB Only conversion candidates (Step 38015), andadvances the processing to Step 38016.

In Step 38016, the system management program 12010 checks whether or notchecks of all the segments belonging to one storage pool have ended.When these checks have ended, the system management program 12010advances the processing to Step 38017 shown in FIG. 39, and,alternatively, when these checks have not ended, selects the segment ofthe next segment ID and moves the processing to Step 38002.

In Step 38017, the system management program 12010 checks whether thetotal capacity of the LSB Only conversion candidates checked using theprocessing up to Step 38016 satisfies the LSB Only capacity to bechanged, which was checked using the cell increase determination process(FIG. 37) (Step 38017).

When the result is that the capacity is satisfied (YES in Step 38017),the system management program 12010 selects only the capacity requiredfrom a segment having a large number of cell rewrites from among the LSBOnly conversion candidates, issues an instruction to the configurationcontrol program 4030 to change the cell mode to the LSB Only mode,updates the management-side pool information 12040A, the management-sideVL conversion information 12040B, and the management-side cell modeinformation 12090 (Step 38018), and ends the processing. Preferentiallychanging a segment with a large number of cell rewrites to the LSB Onlymode is done because the degree of threshold voltage deterioration issmall for the LSB Only mode, and data read errors do not readily occur.However, a different segment may be given preference.

Alternatively, when the capacity is not satisfied (NO in Step 38017),the system management program 12010 issues an instruction to theconfiguration control program 4030 to change the cell mode of all theconversion candidates to the LSB Only mode, and updates themanagement-side pool information 12040A, the management-side VLconversion information 12040B, and the management-side cell modeinformation 12090 (Step 38019).

Next, the system management program 12010 sends the storage system 1000a data migration request to perform a data migration from the MSBsegment of the migration-source candidate having a large number ofrewrites (selected in Step 38012) to the LSB segment of themigration-destination candidate (selected in Step 38015) in proportionto the deficient amount of capacity in Step 38019, updates themanagement-side pool information 12040A, the management-side VLconversion information 12040B, and the management-side cell modeinformation 12090 (Step 38020), and ends the processing. The datamigration request at this time specifies the migration-source candidatesegment and the migration-destination candidate segment. However, the IDof the chunk to which the migration-source segment is allocated may bechecked, and the relevant chunk ID may be specified in the datamigration request.

In tier management processing that takes into account the cell mode, acell mode change is executed in units of segments of a virtual internalLU, but the present invention is not limited to this. Even in a casewhere the cell mode is changed from the LSB/MSB mode to the LSB Onlymode using units of internal LUs, units of parity groups, units of FMDs,or units of FM cells in storage area management, which is not tiermanagement, either the start-end addresses [I], the start-end addresses[G] and the start-end addresses [D], or the internal LU identifier, theparity group identifier, the FMD identifier, and the FM cell identifiermay be configured as the respective units of input.

FIG. 40 is a flowchart of an example of processing subsequent to makingthe determination in the processing of FIG. 37 that the LSB/MSB modecells should be increased. In a case where the cell mode is changed fromthe LSB Only mode to the LSB/MSB mode, data does not decrease, making adata migration unnecessary.

The system management program 12010 uses the management-side poolinformation 12040A to select the segment with the lowest number from therelevant storage pool (Step 40001). Next, the system management program12010 uses the management-side cell mode information 12090 to check thecell mode of the relevant segment (Step 40002).

When the result is that the cell mode is other than LSB Only (NO in Step40002), the system management program 12010 advances the processing toStep 40006. Alternatively, when the result is that the cell mode in theLSB Only mode (YES in Step 40002), the system management program 12010uses the management-side pool information 12040A to check the allocationstatus of the relevant segment (Step 40003).

When the result is that the relevant segment is not allocated (YES inStep 40003), the system management program 12010 uses themanagement-side cell mode information 12090, stores the number of cellrewrites of the relevant segment, makes the relevant segment a firstLSB/MSB conversion candidate (Step 40004), and advances the processingto Step 40006.

Alternatively, in a case where the relevant segment is allocated (NO inStep 40003), the system management program 12010 uses themanagement-side cell mode information 12090, stores the number of cellrewrites of the relevant segment, makes the relevant segment a secondLSB/MSB conversion candidate (Step 40005), and advances the processingto Step 40006.

In Step 40006, the system management program 12010 checks whether or notchecks of all the segments belonging to one storage pool have ended. Ina case where these checks have not ended (NO in Step 40006), the systemmanagement program 12010 selects the segment of the next segment ID andmoves the processing to Step 40002.

Alternatively, in a case where these checks have ended (YES in Step40006), the system management program 12010 checks whether the totalcapacity of the LSB/MSB conversion candidates checked up to Step 40006satisfies the LSB/MSB capacity to be changed, which was checked in thecell increase determination process (FIG. 37) (Step 40007).

When the result is that the capacity is satisfied (YES in Step 40007),the system management program 12010 selects only the capacity requiredfrom a segment having a small number of cell rewrites from among thefirst LSB/MSB conversion candidates, issues an instruction to theconfiguration control program 4030 to change the cell mode to theLSB/MSB mode, updates the management-side pool information 12040A, themanagement-side VL conversion information 12040B, and themanagement-side cell mode information 12090 (Step 40008), and ends theprocessing.

Alternatively, when the capacity is not satisfied (NO in Step 40007),the system management program 12010 issues an instruction to theconfiguration control program 4030 to change the cell mode of all thefirst conversion candidates to the LSB/MSB mode, and updates themanagement-side pool information 12040A, the management-side VLconversion information 12040B, and the management-side cell modeinformation 12090 (Step 40009).

Next, the system management program 12010 issues an instruction to theconfiguration control program 4030 to change the cell mode from thesecond LSB/MSB conversion candidate having a small number of rewrites tothe LSB/MSB mode in proportion to the deficient amount of capacity inStep 40009, updates the management-side pool information 12040A, themanagement-side VL conversion information, and the management-side cellmode information 12090 (Step 40010), and ends the processing.

In tier management processing that takes into account the cell mode, acell mode change is executed in units of segments of a virtual internalLU, but the present invention is not limited to this. Even in a casewhere the cell mode is changed from the LSB/MSB mode to the LSB Onlymode using units of internal LUs, units of parity groups, units of FMDs,or units of FM cells in storage area management, which is not tiermanagement, either the start-end addresses [I], the start-end addresses[G] and the start-end addresses [D], or the internal LU identifier, theparity group identifier, the FMD identifier, or the FM cell identifiermay be configured as the respective units of input.

According to the first example, it is possible to provide a storagesystem, which is able to flexibly change the number of bits stored in amemory cell subsequent to the storage system being installed. Thisstorage system can also be managed flexibly.

A first example has been explained hereinabove, but this is an examplefor explaining the present invention and does not purport to limit thescope of the present invention solely to this example. The presentinvention can also be put into practice in a variety of other modes. Forexample, the storage controller 1010 can also adopt anotherconfiguration. For example, instead of the configuration describedhereinabove, the storage controller 1010 can comprise multiple firstcontrol parts (for example, control circuit boards) for controllingcommunications with a higher-level device, multiple second control parts(for example, control circuit boards) for controlling communicationswith a FMD 1030, a cache memory capable of storing data exchangedbetween a higher-level device and the FMD 1030, a control memory capableof storing data for controlling the storage system 1000, and a couplingpart (for example, a crossbar switch or other such switch) for couplingthe respective first control parts, the respective second control parts,the cache memory and the control memory. In accordance with this, eitherone or both of the first control parts and the second control parts cancooperate to carry out the processing of the above-described storagecontroller 1010. The control memory may be eliminated, in which case astorage area for storing the information stored by the control memorymay be disposed in the cache memory.

Also, the FMD controller 2010 may manage the FMD cell mode instead ofthe storage controller 1010.

Rather than the values of the memory cell being two bits, i.e. the LSBand the MSB, the cell mode corresponding to the FMD may support three ormore bits in accordance with performing cell programming and cell erasesvalues of three or more bits in a single memory cell. For example, inthe case of three bits, it becomes possible to specify the three cellmodes of one-bit Only, two-bits changeable, and three-bits changeable.

Example 2

A second example will be explained below by referring to the drawings.In the explanation of the second example, the differences with the firstexample will be explained.

In the second example, the application I/O performance requirement ofthe first example is not the basic information for controlling the cellmode; the cell mode is controlled on the basis of the access measurementvalue. In contrast to the first example, the second example provides anew I/O histogram display screen (FIG. 50), and changes the cell modechange determination process shown in FIG. 37 to a process shown in FIG.44.

FIG. 50 is a diagram showing an example of a GUI, which displays an I/Ohistogram related to the second example.

A display screen 50000 comprises a first pane 50001, a second pane50002, and a third pane 50003, information such as that shown below isdisplayed in the respective panes, and the panes support input from theinput/output device. The panes displayed in the display screen 50000 arenot limited thereto, and, for example, may also comprise the fourth pane41004 and the fifth pane 41005 shown in FIG. 41.

(First Pane 50001) The first pane 50001 is configured the same as thefirst pane 41001 of FIG. 41.

(Second Pane 50002) The second pane 50002 is configured the same as thesecond pane 41002 of FIG. 41.

(Third Pane 50003) The third pane 50003 displays an I/O histogram of asegment included in the storage pool 1080 corresponding to the displayobject specified from the input/output device using the first pane50001. The I/O histogram represents the access measurement value of eachsegment along the vertical axis of the graph, and arranges the segmentsfrom the left in order from the highest access measurement value.Therefore, needless to say, to achieve this display the systemmanagement program 12010 creates the histogram using the sorted contentsin the access measurement value column of the management-side VLconversion information 12040B. The third pane 50003 has a slider forcontrolling the cell mode, and in a case where a check has been placedin the user-specified checkbox, an instruction for changing the cellmode ratio can be implemented by sliding the slider left or right. Thatis, by sliding the slider in the third pane 50003 to the right, it ispossible to configure more segments with high access measurement valuesin the LSB Only mode. In this screen, when the change cell mode ratiobutton is pressed after changing the slider, the system managementprogram 12010 receives the cell mode ratio as input. The method forreceiving a check from the user is not limited to a checkbox, and, forexample, a check can be placed in a radio button or another icon.

It is desirable that the horizontal axis of the histogram and the sliderrail object be arranged parallelly. In addition, the length of the railobject on the right and left of the slider may be proportionate to thenumber (or capacity) of segments, which are LSB Only mode, and thenumber (or capacity) of segments, which are LSB/MSB mode prior to a cellmode change. In addition, the rail may be arranged in the screen suchthat the number (or capacity) of segments denoted by the unit length ofthe horizontal axis of the histogram is the same as the number (orcapacity) of segments denoted by the unit length of the rail. As anexample of this, in a case where one dot signifies one segment, one dotof the rail also displays one segment worth of cell mode change. This isthe same in a case where one centimeter worth of dots is 100 segments,or one gigabyte of segments. In addition, so as to be able to simulate apost-change cell mode ratio, the length of the left side of the raildenoting the LSB Only mode and the length of the right side of the raildenoting the LSB/MSB mode may change while the slider is being operated.In a case where the slider has been moved one centimeter to the LSB Onlymode side, this, for example, makes the left side of the rail onecentimeter shorter, and the right side of the rail two centimeterslonger (two centimeters worth of LSB/MSB mode segments are generatedfrom one centimeter worth of LSB Only mode).

An unallocated segment configured from the FMD 1030 may also be thetarget of this histogram display. In accordance with this, the accessmeasurement value of the unallocated segment may be displayed as theequivalent of zero. A segment configured from the HDD may also be atarget of this histogram display.

However, the changing of the cell mode ratio is not limited to theslider, and, for example, a LSB Only ratio may be inputted to a textboxusing a direct value, and the vertical dotted line in FIG. 50 may bemoved as though it were a slider. The configuration may also be suchthat a cell mode change request is sent by merely moving the sliderwithout pressing the change cell mode ratio button. The presentinvention is not limited to the GUI; an access measurement value may bedisplayed using CLI, and the cell mode ratio may be inputted by a user,who is using the management server 1200.

<Cell Mode Change Determination Process, which Takes Access MeasurementValue into Account>.

FIG. 44 is a flowchart of an example of a cell mode change process,which takes into account the access measurement value, related to thesecond example. In this drawing, the explanation is premised on the factthat the user has specified the ratio of the LSB Only mode using theslider in the GUI of FIG. 50.

The system management program 12010 uses the management-side poolinformation 12040A and the management-side cell mode information 12090to select a segment, the cell mode of which is either LSB Only orLSB/MSB, and, in addition, which has the lowest segment number, from therelevant storage pool (Step 44001).

Next, the system management program 12010 uses the management-side poolinformation 12040A to check whether or not the relevant segment isallocated (Step 44002). In a case where the relevant segment is notallocated (NO in Step 44002), the system management program 12010advances the processing to Step 44008.

Alternatively, in a case where the relevant segment is allocated (YES inStep 44002), the system management program 12010 uses the accessmeasurement value of the management-side VL conversion information12040B to check whether or not the relevant segment is a higher-levelsegment than the user-specified cell mode ratio (Step 44003). Thisprocess computes a threshold obtained by multiplying the cell mode ratioby the total number of segments comprising the LSB of the FMD 1030 inthe storage pool, calculates what number the relevant segment is bycounting from the segment with the highest value in a case where thesegments are sorted by access measurement value, and determines that thesegment is higher level when this value is less than the above-mentionedthreshold.

In the case of a higher-level segment (YES in Step 44003), the systemmanagement program 12010 uses the management-side cell mode information12090 to check whether or not the current cell mode is LSB Only (Step44004). When the result is that the cell mode is LSB Only (YES in Step44004), the system management program 12010 advances the processing toStep 44008, and, alternatively, when the result is that the cell mode isnot LSB Only (NO in Step 44004), targets the relevant segment to bechanged to the LSB Only mode (Step 44006), and advances the processingto Step 44008.

Alternatively, in a case where the relevant segment is not ahigher-level segment (NO in Step 44003), the system management program12010 uses the management-side cell mode information 12090 to checkwhether or not the current cell mode is LSB Only (Step 44005). When theresult is that the current cell mode is LSB Only (YES in Step 44005),the system management program 12010 targets the relevant segment to bechanged to the LSB/MSB mode (Step 44007), and advances the processing toStep 44008, and, alternatively, in a case where the current cell mode isnot LSB Only (NO in Step 44005), advances the processing to Step 44008.

In Step 44008, the system management program 12010 checks whether or notchecks of all the segments to determine whether or not the cell mode isLSB Only or LSB/MSB have ended. When all the checks have not ended (NOin Step 44008), the system management program 12010 next selects thesegment with the lowest number and moves the processing to Step 44002.

Alternatively, when all the checks have ended (YES in Step 44008), thesystem management program 12010 changes the cell mode of all thesegments, which are targeted from among the segments for which the checkhas ended to have the cell mode changed to LSB Only, by executing theprocessing of FIGS. 38 and 39 (Step 44009). Next, the system managementprogram 12010 changes the cell mode of all the segments, which aretargeted from among the segments for which the check has ended to havethe cell mode changed to LSB/MSB, by executing the processing of FIG. 40(Step 44010), and ends the processing.

According to the second example, it is possible to realize control ofthe cell mode based on the amount of I/Os from the host computer 1100.

The second example has been explained hereinabove, but this is anexample for explaining the present invention and does not purport tolimit the scope of the present invention solely to this example. Forexample, the management server 1200 may receive as input the I/Ocoverage ratio of LSB Only-mode segments instead of the cell mode ratioin FIG. 50. The I/O coverage ratio is a value, which is calculated as apercentage of the total number of accesses of an allocated segment forwhich the cell mode is the LSB Only mode using the total of the accessmeasurement values of all allocated segments corresponding to thestorage pool as a parameter. The access measurement value of the segmentis obtained by searching the management-side VL conversion information12040B using the segment ID. In a case where the cell mode of eachsegment is changed on the basis of this input, the processing of thesystem management program 12010 is as follows.

(Step 1) The system management program 12010 calculates the total value(a first total value) of the access measurement values of all theallocated segments included in the storage pool.

(Step 2) The system management program 12010 sorts the allocatedsegments included in the storage pool on the basis of the accessmeasurement values.

(Step 3) The system management program 12010 configures a second totalvalue variable to 0.

(Step 4) The system management program 12010 fetches a segment from thetop of a list of sorted segments (that is, the allocated segment withthe highest access measurement value).

(Step 5) The system management program 12010 adds the access measurementvalue of the fetched segment to the second total value variable.

(Step 6) The system management program 12010, in a case where the secondtotal value variable is smaller than a value obtained by multiplying thefirst total value by the I/O coverage ratio, fetches the next segmentfrom the sorted segment list and moves the processing to Step 5. In acase where the second total value variable is not smaller than thisvalue, the system management program 12010 advances the processing toStep 7.(Step 7) The system management program 12010 changes the cell mode tothe LSB/MSB mode by executing the processing flow of FIG. 40 withrespect to a segment remaining in the sorted list. Since a new MSBsegment is created while executing the processing of FIG. 40, a datamigration request, which makes the segment remaining in the sorted listthe migration source and makes the created MSB segment the migrationdestination, may be sent as needed.(Step 8) The system management program 12010 changes the cell mode ofthe relevant segment to the LSB Only mode by processing the steps ofFIGS. 38 and 39 with respect to an allocated segment not left in thesorted list.

The preceding is cell mode control in accordance with the I/O coverageratio, and there is no problem with a small number of segments beingremoved from the segments targeted in Step 1 at this time. That is, “allof the allocated segments included in the storage pool” may also be“substantially all of the allocated segments included in the storagepool”.

Example 3

A third example will be explained below by referring to the drawings. Inthe explanation of the third example, the differences with the firstexample and the second example will be explained.

The third example shows a method for checking capacity billing resultingfrom changing the cell mode.

FIG. 45 is a diagram showing an example of the configuration of amanagement server related to the third example. The management server1200 related to the third example also stores billing information 12130in the management server related to the first example.

FIG. 54 is a diagram showing an example of the billing informationrelated to the third example.

The billing information 12130 stores information on the user, who isusing the storage system 1000, and the capacity capable of being used inaccordance with the amount of money the user has paid. The billinginformation 12130, for example, includes the following information.

(MK 1) A user identifier

(MK 2) A usable capacity: In a case where the usable capacity isunlimited, a “−” is entered. A symbol other than the “−” may also beused.

This information is configured in accordance with the amount billed tothe user by the storage administrator when the storage system isinitially used.

FIG. 49 is a flowchart of an example of a capacity billing checkingprocess related to the third example. This drawing shows the processingwhen changing the cell mode of an internal LU, but the present inventionis not particularly limited to this, and the processing shown in thisdrawing can also be applied to a cell mode change of an arbitrary unit(a virtual internal LU, a storage pool, a tier, a parity group, or anFMD).

The system management program 12010 selects an identifier of a specifiedLU (LU for which the cell mode is to be changed) and specified-userinformation (information on the logged in user) (Step 49001).

Next, the system management program 12010 checks whether or not thechange is from the LSB Only mode to the LSB/MSB mode (Step 49002). Whenthe result is that the change is not from the LSB Only mode to theLSB/MSB mode (NO in Step 49002), the system management program 12010ends the processing.

Alternatively, in a case where the change is from the LSB Only mode tothe LSB/MSB mode (YES in Step 49002), the system management program12010 uses the billing information 12130 to check whether or not thepost-cell mode change LU capacity falls within the scope of the usablecapacity for the user, who issued the cell mode change request (Step49003).

When the result is that the post-cell mode change capacity is within thescope of the usable capacity (YES in Step 49003), the system managementprogram 12010 executes the cell mode change process (Step 49004) andends the processing, and, alternatively, when the post-cell mode changecapacity is not within the scope of the usable capacity (NO in Step49003), warns the user that the post-cell mode change capacity exceedsthe capacity capable of being used in accordance with the billinginformation (Step 49005), and ends the processing. The warning may bedisplayed on a screen using a GUI or a CUI, or may be issued using asound.

According to the third example, it is possible to realize an appropriatecapacity billing check at the time of a cell mode change.

The third example has been explained hereinabove, but this is an examplefor explaining the present invention, and does not purport to limit thescope of the present invention solely to this example.

Example 4

A fourth example will be explained below by referring to FIG. 66.

In the first through the third examples, a storage system and amanagement server for which a capacity and other characteristics can bechanged by changing the cell mode was explained. There are cases inwhich the initial state of this cell mode is configured to the LSB Onlymode or the SLC mode by placing priority on a characteristic other thandurability with respect to speed and data loss, but there are also casesin which this initial cell mode state is configured to the LSB/MSB modeby placing priority on the storage capacity. In the case of the LSB/MSBmode, the upper limit for the number of cell rewrites is lower than forthe other cell modes, and as such, the free storage areas inside the FMD1030 disappear faster than in the other cell modes, resulting in asituation in which the FMD 1030 must be blocked. For this reason, asshown in FIG. 66, the cell mode may be changed to the LSB Only mode orthe SLC mode by changing the cell mode of the FMD 1030. Since the upperlimit for the number of cell rewrites is higher in these modes, it ispossible to continue to use a FMD 1030 for which there was concern thatthis FMD 1030 would continue to be blocked. However, the amount of datacapable of being stored in the FMD 1030 decreases in accordance with thecell mode change, and as such, a portion of the data may by migrated toanother FMD 1030. When viewed from the aspect of costs, the ability ofcontinue using the FMD 1030 even though the amount of stored data ishalved provides better cost performance than not being able to use theFMD 1030 at all because it is blocked.

The management server 1200 user may realize the above processing inaccordance with changing the cell mode while referring to a managementserver 1200 screen display, or the system management program 12010 maycarry out the processing. The cell mode change explained in this examplemay be carried out using a unit other than the FMD 1030, and does notdeny the setting up or changing of a cell mode for a different purpose.

A number of examples have been explained hereinabove, but it goeswithout saying that the present invention is not limited to theseexamples, and can be changed in a variety of ways without departing fromthe gist thereof.

For example, in each of the examples described hereinabove, theconfiguration may be such that either a part or all of the processingexecuted by the management server 1200 may be executed by the storagecontroller 1010 of the storage system 1000, a part of the processingexecuted by the storage controller 1010 of the storage system 1000 maybe executed by the FMD controller 2010 of the FMD 1030, and, inaccordance with this, the necessary information and program processingmay be provided in the execution-side device.

The description above is of a computer system, which comprises a storagesystem comprising a storage controller and one or more nonvolatilememory devices, and a management system coupled to the storage system,and it was explained that the nonvolatile memory device comprisesmultiple memory cells, and each memory cell comprises semiconductorcharacteristics, which make it possible to store N-bits (where N is aninteger of equal to or larger than 1) worth of data, and the storagecontroller: stores storage configuration information showing either acapacity or an address space of the nonvolatile memory device; storescell mode information showing a cell mode for stipulating the number ofbits to be stored in the memory cells; receives a cell mode changerequest from the management system; and either increases or decreases anamount of data to be stored in the nonvolatile memory device subsequentto the request, by changing the cell mode information in accordance withthe request and changing either the capacity or the address space of thestorage configuration information.

In this description, an explanation is given in which the memory cellmay be a flash memory cell for which a characteristic relating to datastored in the memory cell changes when the number of bits to be storedchanges.

In this description, an explanation is given in which the storing ofdata in a memory cell may be carried out by using cell programming tochange a threshold voltage, which is a voltage applied to a control gatewhen a prescribed amount of electrical current begins to flow between asource gate and a drain gate, in a first cell mode, a range between aminimum value and a maximum value of the threshold voltage may dividedinto sub-ranges of 2^(N) and all the divided ranges may be used to storeN-bits worth of data in one memory cell, and in a second cell mode, afirst divided range including the minimum value and a second dividedrange not including the maximum value, may be used to store one-bitworth of data in one memory cell.

In this description, an explanation is given in which the storing ofdata in a memory cell may be carried out by using cell programming tochange a threshold voltage applied to a control gate when a prescribedamount of electrical current begins to flow between a source gate and adrain gate, in a first cell mode, a range between a minimum value and amaximum value of the threshold voltage may be divided into sub-ranges of2^(N) and all the divided ranges may be used to store N-bits worth ofdata in one memory cell, and in a second cell mode, the range may bedivided into first and second divided ranges, and the first and seconddivided ranges may be used to store one-bit worth of data in one memorycell.

In this description, an explanation is given in which the characteristicmay be such that either a read or a write time with respect to thenonvolatile memory device becomes longer as the number of bits to bestored is increased, or a period during which data is able to be storedin the nonvolatile memory device becomes shorter as the number of bitsto be stored is increased.

In this description, an explanation is given in which in a case where acell mode is switched from the second cell mode to a second cell mode,the storage controller may carry out mode switching while inhibitingsaving of data represented in the first divided range and the seconddivided range.

In this description, an explanation is given in which the managementsystem may display the cell mode information.

In this description, an explanation is given in which the storagecontroller may define a parity group using the nonvolatile memorydevice, and the cell mode may be able to be changed for each paritygroup.

In this description, an explanation is given in which the storage systemmay comprise a HDD, and the storage controller: may manage thenonvolatile memory device and the HDD as a storage device; may use thestorage device to define a storage pool, and may manage an address spaceof the storage device by partitioning the address space into multiplesegments; may use the storage pool to provide a virtual logical unit toa computer; may manage an address space of a virtual volume bypartitioning the address space into multiple chunks, and may eitherallocate or reallocate the segment to the chunk; and the cell mode maybe able to be changed for each of the segments.

In this description, an explanation is given in which, in sending thecell mode change request, the management system: may receive an input ofan I/O performance requirement; may identify a segment for which thecell mode is to be changed based on an access measurement value relatedto the segment and measured by the storage controller, and on the I/Operformance requirement; and may either directly or indirectly specifythe identified segment and send the cell mode change request.

In this description, an explanation is given in which, in sending thecell mode change request, the management server: may receive an inputdenoting an I/O coverage ratio, which is a target value of a percentageof a measured value of accesses processed by a segment, which is in afirst cell mode; may identify a segment for which the cell mode is to bechanged based on an access measurement value related to the segment andmeasured by the storage controller, and on the I/O coverage ratio; andmay either directly or indirectly specify the identified segment andsend the cell mode change request.

In this description, an explanation is given in which, in sending thecell mode change request, the management system: may receive an inputdenoting a ratio of a segment, which is in a first cell mode; mayidentify a segment for which the cell mode is to be changed based on anaccess measurement value related to the segment and measured by thestorage controller, and on the ratio of the segment; and may eitherdirectly or indirectly specify the identified segment and send the cellmode change request.

In this description, an explanation is given in which the managementsystem may display a cell mode corresponding to a component included inthe storage system, and the component may be a nonvolatile memorydevice, a parity group comprising the nonvolatile memory device, aninternal logical unit either directly or indirectly comprising thenonvolatile memory device, a storage pool either directly or indirectlycomprising the nonvolatile memory device, a tier either directly orindirectly comprising the nonvolatile memory device, or a virtualinternal logical unit either directly or indirectly comprising thenonvolatile memory device. This component may exist by being physicallyincluded in an apparatus other than these, or may exist by being definedin a storage controller.

In this description, an explanation was given in which the capacity ofthe component is displayed in association with the capacity of a segmentwhich is included in the component and for which the cell mode isconfigured for each of one or more cell modes.

From a different perspective, this description is a management systemfor managing a storage system which comprises multiple memory cells, andit was explained that the management system may comprise one or morestorage resources for storing configuration information on the storagesystem, and a cell mode, which is a value related to the number of bitsstored in the memory cells, and one or more processors for convertingthe cell mode based on the configuration information, and display theconverted cell mode.

In this description, an explanation is given regarding a prescribed cellmode from among multiple cell modes, which stores a large number ofbits, but suffers from high data loss due to cell degradation, in whichthe management system may change to a cell mode other than theprescribed cell mode with respect to a memory cell, which exceeds anupper-limit value of number of cell rewrites related to the prescribedcell mode.

In this description, an explanation is given regarding a prescribed cellmode, from among multiple cell modes, which possesses characteristicsfor a large bit storage capacity and a long read or write time, in whichthe management system may realize storage tier management of a storagepool by carrying out a mode change with another cell mode.

REFERENCE SIGNS LIST

-   1000 Storage system-   1010 Controller-   1020 Cache memory-   1030 FMD (flash memory device)-   1100 Host-   1200 Management server

The invention claimed is:
 1. A computer system, comprising: a storagesystem, which comprises a storage controller and one or more nonvolatilememory devices; and a management system coupled to the storage system,wherein the nonvolatile memory devices each comprise multiple memorycells, each memory cell having semiconductor characteristics enablingthe storage of N-bits worth of data, and wherein the storage controller:stores storage configuration information indicating either a capacity oran address space of the nonvolatile memory device; stores cell modeinformation indicating a cell mode for stipulating the number of bits tobe stored in the memory cells; receives a cell mode change request fromthe management system; and either increases or decreases an amount ofdata to be stored in the nonvolatile memory device subsequent to therequest, by changing the cell mode information in accordance with therequest and changing either the capacity or the address space of thestorage configuration information wherein the memory cell is a flashmemory cell for which a characteristic relating to data stored in thememory cell changes when the number of bits to be stored changes,wherein data storage in the memory cell is carried out by using cellprogramming to change a threshold voltage, which is a voltage applied toa control gate when a prescribed amount of electrical current begins toflow between a source gate and a drain gate, wherein in a first cellmode, a range between a minimum value and a maximum value of thethreshold voltage is divided into sub-ranges of 2N and all the dividedranges are used to store N-bits worth of data in one memory cell, andwherein in a second cell mode, a first divided range including theminimum value and a second divided range not including the maximum valueare used to store one-bit worth of data in one memory cell.
 2. Acomputer system according to claim 1, wherein, in a case where a cellmode is switched from the first cell mode to a second cell mode, thestorage controller carries out mode switching while inhibiting saving ofdata expressed in the first divided range and the second divided range.3. A computer system according to claim 2, wherein the management systemdisplays the cell mode information.
 4. A computer system according toclaim 3, wherein the storage system comprises a HDD, the storagecontroller: manages the nonvolatile memory device and the HDD as astorage device; uses the storage device to define a storage pool, andmanages an address space of the storage device by partitioning theaddress space into multiple segments; uses the storage pool to provide avirtual logical unit to a computer; and manages an address space of avirtual volume by partitioning the address space into multiple chunks,and either allocates or reallocates the segment to the chunk, and thecell mode can be changed for each of the segments.
 5. A computer systemaccording to claim 4, wherein the management system displays a cell modecorresponding to a component included in the storage system, and thecomponent is: a nonvolatile memory device; a parity group comprising thenonvolatile memory device; an internal logical unit either directly orindirectly comprising the nonvolatile memory device; a storage pooleither directly or indirectly comprising the nonvolatile memory device;a tier either directly or indirectly comprising the nonvolatile memorydevice; or a virtual internal logical unit either directly or indirectlycomprising the nonvolatile memory device.
 6. A computer system accordingto claim 5, wherein a capacity of the component is displayed inassociation with a capacity of a segment which is included in thecomponent and for which the cell mode is configured for each of one ormore cell modes.
 7. A computer system, comprising; a storage system,which comprises a storage controller and one or more nonvolatile memorydevices; and a management system coupled to the storage system, whereinthe nonvolatile memory devices each comprise multiple memory cells, eachmemory cell having semiconductor characteristics enabling the storage ofN-bits worth of data, and wherein the storage controller: stores storageconfiguration information indicating either a capacity or an addressspace of the nonvolatile memory device; stores cell mode informationindicating a cell mode for stipulating the number of bits to be storedin the memory cells; receives a cell mode change request from themanagement system; and either increases or decreases an amount of datato be stored in the nonvolatile memory device subsequent to the request,by changing the cell mode information in accordance with the request andchanging either the capacity or the address space of the storageconfiguration information wherein the memory cell is a flash memory cellfor which a characteristic relating to data stored in the memory cellchanges when the number of bits to be stored changes, wherein datastorage in the memory cell is carried out by using cell programming tochange a threshold voltage, which is a voltage applied to a control gatewhen a prescribed amount of electrical current begins to flow between asource gate and a drain gate, wherein in a first cell mode, a rangebetween a minimum value and a maximum value of the threshold voltage isdivided into sub-ranges of 2N and all the divided ranges are used tostore N-bits worth of data in one memory cell, and wherein in a secondcell mode, the range is divided into first and second divided ranges,and the first and second divided ranges are used to store one-bit worthof data in one memory cell.
 8. A computer system according to claim 1,wherein the characteristic is such that either a read time or a writetime with respect to the nonvolatile memory device becomes longer as thenumber of bits to be stored is increased, or a period during which datais able to be stored in the nonvolatile memory device becomes shorter asthe number of bits to be stored is increased.
 9. A computer systemaccording to claim 4, wherein the storage controller uses thenonvolatile memory device to define a parity group, and the cell modecan be changed for each parity group.
 10. A computer system according toclaim 4, wherein, in sending the cell mode change request, themanagement system: receives an input of an I/O performance requirement;identifies a segment for which the cell mode is to be changed based onan access measurement value related to the segment and measured by thestorage controller, and on the I/O performance requirement; and eitherdirectly or indirectly specifies the identified segment and sends thecell mode change request.
 11. A computer system according to claim 4,wherein, in sending the cell mode change request, the management system:receives an input denoting an I/O coverage ratio, which is a targetvalue of a percentage of a measured value of accesses processed by asegment, which is in a first cell mode; identifies a segment for whichthe cell mode is to be changed based on an access measurement valuerelated to the segment and measured by the storage controller, and onthe I/O coverage ratio; and either directly or indirectly specifies theidentified segment and sends the cell mode change request.
 12. Acomputer system according to claim 4, wherein, in sending the cell modechange request, the management system: receives an input denoting aratio of a segment, which is in a first cell mode; identifies a segmentfor which the cell mode is to be changed based on an access measurementvalue related to the segment and measured by the storage controller, andon the ratio of the segment; and either directly or indirectly specifiesthe identified segment and sends the cell mode change request.